1665

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1665 (MDCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A) of the Julian calendar, the 1665th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 665th year of the 2nd millennium, the 65th year of the 17th century, and the 6th year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1665, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–June

• January 6 – The Journal des sçavans begins publication in France, the first scientific journal.
• March 4 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.^[1]
• April 10 – The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society begins publication, the first scientific journal in English.
• March 11 – A new legal code is approved for the Dutch and English towns of New York guaranteeing all Protestants the right to continue their religious observances unhindered.
• March 16 – Bucharest allows Jews to settle in the city in exchange for an annual tax of 16 guilders.
• April 12 – Margaret Porteous is the first person recorded to die in the Great Plague of London. This last major outbreak of Bubonic plague in the British Isles has possibly been introduced by Dutch prisoners of war. Two-thirds of Londoners leave the city, but over 68,000 die. Plague spreads to Derbyshire.
• In August of 1665, the Great Plague forced the closure of the University of Cambridge, where Isaac Newton was a student. Newton retired to his home in Lincolnshire for safety, and he stayed there for two years. During that time alone, Newton made groundbreaking discoveries in mathematics, calculus, mechanics, and optics, and he laid the foundations for his books Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica and Optiks.
• May 19 – Great fire of Newport, Shropshire, England.
• June 12 – England installs a municipal government in New York City (the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam).
• June 13 (June 3 O.S.) – Second Anglo-Dutch War: The English naval victory at the Battle of Lowestoft under James Stuart, Duke of York.
• June 30 – King Charles II of England issues a second charter for the Province of Carolina, which clarifies and expands the borders of the Lords Proprietors' tracts.

July–December

• July 3 – The first documented case of cyclopia is found in a horse.
• July 7 – King Charles II of England leaves London with his entourage, fleeing the Great Plague. He moves his court to Salisbury, then Exeter.
• August 2 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Dutch naval victory at the Battle of Vågen.
• August 27 – Ye Bare & Ye Cubbe, the first play in English in the American colonies, is performed in Pungoteague, Virginia.
• September – Robert Hooke's Micrographia published in London, first applying the term 'cell' to plant tissue, which he discovered first in cork, then in living organisms, using a microscope.
• September 17 – Charles II of Spain becomes King while not yet four years old.
• September 22 – Molière's L'Amour médecin is first presented, before Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully.
• October 5 – The University of Kiel is founded.
• October 21 – Louis XIV of France and Jean-Baptiste Colbert founded the Manufacture royale des glaces of Saint Gobain which is the oldest French company of the CAC 40 with 350 years in 2015.
• October 29 – Battle of Mbwila: Portuguese forces defeat and kill King António I of Kongo.
• November 7 – The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, is first published as The Oxford Gazette.

Date unknown

• Colonisation of Réunion begins with the French East India Company sending twenty settlers.
• Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga is invested as Duke of Mantua.
• Joan Blaeu completes publication of his Atlas Maior (Theatrum Orbis Terrarum) in Amsterdam.
• John Bunyan publishes The End of the World, The Resurrection of the Dead and Eternal Judgment and The Holy City or the New Jerusalem.
• The English poet John Milton popularizes the Chinese sailing carriage in a famous poem; this peculiar Chinese invention was first written of in the West by Abraham Ortelius in his atlas of 1584.

Births

Anne, Queen of Great Britain

• February 6 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (d. 1714)
• February 12 – Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (d. 1721)
• March 4 – Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, Swedish soldier (d. 1694)
• March 17 – Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, French harpsichordist and composer (d. 1729)
• April 19 – Jacques Lelong, French bibliographer (d. 1721)
• April 29 – James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman and soldier (d. 1745)
• June 4 – Zacharie Robutel de La Noue, Canadian soldier (d. 1733)
• July 2 – Samuel Penhallow, English-born American colonist and historian (d. 1726)
• August 21 – Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer (d. 1729)
• August 27 – John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician (d. 1751)
• December 25 – Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish songwriter (d. 1746)
• December 28 – George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (d. 1716)
• date unknown – Ingeborg i Mjärhult, Swedish soothsayer (d. 1749)

Deaths

King Philip of Spain

Blessed Maria Angela Astorch

• January 12 – Pierre de Fermat, French mathematician (b. 1601)
• January 31 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (b. 1622)
• June 13 – Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer, Dutch admiral (b. 1604)
• June 25 – Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (b. 1630)
• July 11 – Kenelm Digby, English privateer (b. 1603)
• July 18 – Stefan Czarniecki, Polish general (b. 1599)
• August 28 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (b. 1638)
• September 12 – Jean Bolland, Flemish Jesuit writer (b. 1596)
• September 17 – King Philip IV of Spain (b. 1605)
• September 25 – Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (b. 1610)
• November 17 – John Earle (bishop), English bishop (b. 1601)
• November 19 – Nicolas Poussin, French painter (b. 1594)
• December 2
  • Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet, French socialite (b. 1588)
  • Maria Angela Astorch, Spanish Roman Catholic religious figure, mystic and blessed (b. 1592)
• December 10 – Tarquinio Merula, Italian composer (b. c. 1594)

References