11 (number)

11 is the natural number following 10 and preceding 12. It is the first repdigit. In English, it is the smallest positive integer requiring three syllables and the largest prime number with a single-morpheme name.

Name

Eleven derives from the Old English ęndleofon which is first attested in Bede's late 9th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People.^[1][3] It has cognates in every Germanic language (for example, German elf), whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *ainlif, from the prefix *aino- (adjectival "one") and suffix *-lif- of uncertain meaning.^[3] It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian vënólika, although -lika is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19 (analogous to "-teen").^[3]

The Old English form has closer cognates in Old Frisian, Saxon, and Norse, whose ancestor has been reconstructed as *ainlifun. This has formerly been considered derived from Proto-Germanic *tehun ("ten");^[3][4] it is now sometimes connected with *leiq or *leip ("left; remaining"), with the implicit meaning that "one is left" after having already counted to ten.^[3]

In languages

Grammar

While, as mentioned above, 11 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English and German, it is the first compound number in many other languages, e.g. Italian ùndici (but in Spanish and Portuguese, 16, and in French, 17 is the first compound number), Japanese 十一 jūichi.

In mathematics

11 is a prime number. It is the smallest two-digit prime number in the decimal base.

The next prime is 13, with which it comprises a twin prime.

If a number is divisible by 11, reversing its digits will result in another multiple of 11. As long as no two adjacent digits of a number added together exceed 9, then multiplying the number by 11, reversing the digits of the product, and dividing that new number by 11, will yield a number that is the reverse of the original number. (For example: 142,312 × 11 = 1,565,432 → 2,345,651 ÷ 11 = 213,241.)

Multiples of 11 by one-digit numbers all have matching double digits: 00 (=0), 11, 22, 33, 44, etc.

An 11-sided polygon is called a hendecagon or undecagon.

In base 10, there is a simple test to determine if an integer is divisible by 11: take every digit of the number located in odd position and add them up, then take the remaining digits and add them up. If the difference between the two sums is a multiple of 11, including 0, then the number is divisible by 11.^[5] For instance, if the number is 65,637 then (6 + 6 + 7) - (5 + 3) = 19 - 8 = 11, so 65,637 is divisible by 11. This technique also works with groups of digits rather than individual digits, so long as the number of digits in each group is odd, although not all groups have to have the same number of digits. For instance, if one uses three digits in each group, one gets from 65,637 the calculation (065) - 637 = -572, which is divisible by 11.

Another test for divisibility is to separate a number into groups of two consecutive digits (adding a leading zero if there is an odd number of digits), and then add up the numbers so formed; if the result is divisible by 11, the number is divisible by 11. For instance, if the number is 65,637, 06 + 56 + 37 = 99, which is divisible by 11, so 65,637 is divisible by eleven. This also works by adding a trailing zero instead of a leading one: 65 + 63 + 70 = 198, which is divisible by 11. This also works with larger groups of digits, providing that each group has an even number of digits (not all groups have to have the same number of digits).

An easy way of multiplying numbers by 11 in base 10 is: If the number has:

• 1 digit - Replicate the digit (so 2 x 11 becomes 22).
• 2 digits - Add the 2 digits together and place the result in the middle (so 47 x 11 becomes 4 (11) 7 or 4 (10+1) 7 or (4+1) 1 7 or 517).
• 3 digits - Keep the first digit in its place for the result's first digit, add the first and second digits together to form the result's second digit, add the second and third digits together to form the result's third digit, and keep the third digit as the result's fourth digit. For any resulting numbers greater than 9, carry the 1 to the left. Example 1: 123 x 11 becomes 1 (1+2) (2+3) 3 or 1353. Example 2: 481 x 11 becomes 4 (4+8) (8+1) 1 or 4 (10+2) 9 1 or (4+1) 2 9 1 or 5291.
• 4 or more digits - Follow the same pattern as for 3 digits.

In base 13 and higher bases (such as hexadecimal), 11 is represented as B, where ten is A. In duodecimal, however, 11 is sometimes represented as E and ten as T or X.

There are 11 orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems (to within a conformal symmetry) in which the 3-variable Helmholtz equation can be solved using the separation of variables technique.

See also 11-cell.

11 of the thirty-five hexominoes can be folded to form cubes. 11 of the sixty-six octiamonds can be folded to form octahedra.

11 is the fourth Sophie Germain prime,^[6] the third safe prime,^[7] the fourth Lucas prime,^[8] the first repunit prime,^[9] and the second good prime.^[10] Although it is necessary for n to be prime for 2ⁿ − 1 to be a Mersenne prime, the converse is not true: 2¹¹ − 1 = 2047 which is 23 × 89.

11 raised to the nth power is the nth row of Pascal's Triangle. (This works for any base, but the number eleven must be changed to the number represented as 11 in that base; for example, in duodecimal this must be done using thirteen.)

11 is a Heegner number, meaning that the ring of integers of the field has the property of unique factorization.

One consequence of this is that there exists at most one point on the elliptic curve x³ = y² + 11 that has positive-integer coordinates. In this case, this unique point is (15, 58).

List of basic calculations

In numeral systems

In science

• 11 is the atomic number of the element sodium.
• In chemistry, Group 11 of the Periodic Table of the Elements (IUPAC numbering) consists of the three coinage metals copper, silver, and gold known from antiquity, and roentgenium, a recently synthesized superheavy element.
• The number of spacetime dimensions in M-theory.

Astronomy

• Apollo 11 was the first manned spacecraft to land on the Moon.
• The approximate periodicity of a sunspot cycle is 11 years.
• Messier object M11, a magnitude 7.0 open cluster in the constellation Scutum, also known as the Wild Duck Cluster.
• The New General Catalogue object^[11] NGC 11, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda
• The 11th moon of Jupiter is Himalia.

In religion

Christianity

After Judas Iscariot was disgraced, the remaining apostles of Jesus were sometimes described as "the Eleven" (Mark 16:11; Luke 24:9 and 24:33); this occurred even after Matthias was added to bring the number to twelve, as in Acts 2:14:^[12] Peter stood up with the eleven (New International Version). The New Living Translation says Peter stepped forward with the eleven other apostles, making clear that the number of apostles was now twelve.

Saint Ursula is said to have been martyred in the third or fourth century in Cologne with a number of companions, whose reported number "varies from five to eleven".^[13] A legend that Ursula died with eleven thousand virgin companions^[14] has been thought to appear from misreading XI. M. V. (Latin abbreviation for "Eleven martyr virgins") as "Eleven thousand virgins".

Babylonian

In the Enûma Eliš the goddess Tiamat creates eleven monsters to take revenge for the death of her husband, Apsû.

In music

• The interval of an octave and a fourth is an 11th. A complete 11th chord has almost every note of a diatonic scale.
• The number of thumb keys on a bassoon, not counting the whisper key. (A few bassoons have a 12th thumb key.)
• In the mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap, Spinal Tap's amplifiers go up to eleven.
• In Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, there are 11 consecutive repetitions of the same chord.
• In Tool's song "Jimmy" and in Negativland's song "Time Zones", the number 11 is heard numerous times in the lyrics.
• "Eleven pipers piping" is the gift on the 11th day of Christmas in the carol "The Twelve Days of Christmas"
• In Green Grow the Rushes, O, Eleven is for "the eleven who went to heaven"
• "The Eleven" is a song by The Grateful Dead.
• In "Time Enough For Rocking When We're Old" by The Magnetic Fields, a lyric references "when our pheromones go up to eleven."
• Eleven Records is the record label of Jason Webley, and many of Webley's works feature the number 11.^[15]

In sports

• There are 11 players on an association football (soccer) team on the field at a time
• An American football team also has 11 players on the field at one time during play. #11 is worn by quarterbacks, kickers, punter and wide receivers in American football's NFL.
• There are 11 players on a bandy team on the ice at a time
• In cricket, a team has 11 players on the field. The 11th player is usually the weakest batsman, at the tail-end. He is primarily in the team for his bowling abilities.
• There are 11 players in a field hockey team. The player wearing 11 will usually play on the left-hand side, as in soccer.
• In most rugby league competitions (but not the European Super League, which uses static squad numbering), one of the starting second-row forwards wears the number 11.
• In rugby union, the starting left wing wears the number 11 shirt.

In the military

• The number of guns in a gun salute to U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps Brigadier Generals, and to Navy and Coast Guard Rear Admirals Lower Half.
• The Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) designator given to US Army Infantry Officer as well as to enlisted personnel (AKA 11 MOS Series, or 11B, 11C, 11D, 11H, 11M, etc.)
• The number of General Orders for Sentries in the Marine Corps and United States Navy.
• A page in the Service Record Book of an enlisted Marine for writing down disciplinary actions.
• World War I ended with an Armistice on November 11, 1918, which went into effect at 11:00 am—the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of the year. Armistice Day is still observed on November 11 of each year, although it is now called Veterans Day in the United States and Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth of Nations and parts of Europe.

In computing

• In Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Konqueror for KDE, Google Chrome and Internet Explorer for Windows, the function key F11 key toggles full screen viewing mode. In macOS, F11 hides all open windows.
• The windowing system for Unix computers is known as X11.
• Computers of the PDP-11 series from Digital Equipment Corporation were informally referred to as "elevens".

In Canada

• The stylized maple leaf on the Flag of Canada has 11 points.
• The loonie is a hendecagon, an 11-sided polygon.
• Clocks depicted on Canadian currency, like the Canadian fifty-dollar bill, show 11:00.
• Eleven denominations of Canadian currency are produced in large quantities.
• Due to Canada's federal nature, eleven legally distinct Crowns effectively exist in the country, with the Monarch represented separately in each province, and at the federal level.

In other fields

• Sector 11^[16] in the North American Industry Classification System is the code for Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting industries.
• Being only one hour before 12:00, the eleventh hour means the last possible moment to take care of something, and often implies a situation of urgent danger or emergency (see Doomsday clock).
• In Astrology, Aquarius is the 11th astrological sign of the Zodiac.
• In Basque, hamaika ("eleven") has the double meaning of "infinite", probably from amaigabe, "endless", as in Hamaika aldiz etortzeko esan dizut! ("I told you infinite/eleven times to come!").
• English-speaking surveyors have developed several slang terms for 11 to distinguish it from its rhyme "seven": "punk," "top," & "railroad"^[17]
• American Airlines flight 11, a Boston-Los Angeles flight which was reported to have crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, New York on September 11, 2001.
• The number 11 bus is a low-cost way of sightseeing in London.
• In the game of blackjack, an Ace can be counted as either one or 11, whichever is more advantageous for the player.
• 11 is the number of the French department Aude.
• Three films -- Ben-Hur (1959), Titanic (1997), and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) -- have each won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture of their respective years.
• Ocean's Eleven is the name of two American films.
• In the anime series Code Geass, Japan is known as Area 11 of the Brittanian Empire.
• Eleven is the name of a character in the 2016 Netflix original series Stranger Things, Presented by Millie Bobby Brown.
• In bingo 11 is referred to as chicken legs.

See also

• 11:11
• 11:11 (numerology)

References

External links

Look up eleven in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 11 (number).

• Grimes, James. "Eleven". Numberphile. Brady Haran.