1191

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Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Asia

• July 12 – Saladin's garrison surrenders, ending the two-year siege of Acre. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and of the Third Crusade leaders (Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Leopold V of Austria), on the city's walls and towers. Richard stays to push on to Jerusalem, but Philip returns to France, to take possession of a part of Flanders, whose count had died at the siege of Acre. Back in France, Philip also schemes with Richard's brother, John of England, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's (and Richard's) mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan.^[1]
• September 7 – Battle of Arsuf in Palestine: Richard I of England defeats Saladin, during the Third Crusade.
• Khmer King Jayavarman VII sacks the capital of Champa.
• The administration of the Taungoo region in modern-day Myanmar is first recorded, when Pagan King Narapatisithu appoints a son-in-law, Ananda Thuriya, to be governor of Kanba Myint.

Europe

• April 17 – Tusculum is destroyed by the army of the Commune of Rome.^[2]
• May 12 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
• Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned by Pope Celestine III.
• Duke Berthold V of Zähringen founds the city of Bern (present-day Switzerland).
• After having failed in their endeavor the year before, the Almohads reconquer the city of Silves in Portugal.^[3] In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alcácer do Sal, while Palmela and Almada are sacked.^[4]
• In August, Sicilians defeat an invasion of Emperor Henry VI, and capture Empress Constance.

By topic

Technology

• The first reference to a windmill in Europe is made by a Dean Herbert of East Anglia, whose mills are supposedly in competition with the abbey of Bury St. Edmunds. This is probably an invention imported from interaction with the Muslim world, since the first windmills were most likely innovated from the Bana Musa brothers in the Islamic Middle East, during the middle 9th Century. The windmill will spread in the other direction, to be introduced to China by as early as 1219.

Religion

• April 14 – Pope Celestine III succeeds Pope Clement III, as the 175th pope.
• November 27 – Reginald Fitz Jocelin is elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
• Eisai founds the Rinzai Zen sect in Japan.
• The monks of Glastonbury Abbey dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman, and announce they have discovered the tomb of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere.^[5]

Births

• February 8 – Yaroslav II of Russia (d. 1246)
• Joan I, Countess of Burgundy (d. 1205)
• Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1220)

Deaths

• January 20
  • Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia (b. 1167)
  • Theobald V, Count of Blois (b. 1130)
• March 20 – Pope Clement III
• September 9 – Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia (b.c 1136)
• December 26 – Reginald Fitz Jocelin, Archbishop-elect of Canterbury
• date unknown
  • William V, Marquess of Montferrat, Burgundian crusader (b. c. 1115)
  • Agnes of Loon, Bavarian regent (b. 1150)
  • Walter Ophamil, archdeacon of Cefalù, dean of Agrigento and archbishop of Palermo

In fiction

• The events of the Ubisoft video game Assassin's Creed take place in this year.

References