100 Greatest Britons

100 Greatest Britons was broadcast in 2002 by the BBC. The programme was based on a television poll conducted to determine whom the United Kingdom public considered the greatest British people in history.[1][2] The series, Great Britons, included individual programmes featuring the individuals who featured in the top ten, with viewers having further opportunities to vote after each programme.[3] It concluded with a debate. All of the top 10 were dead by the year of broadcast.

The poll resulted in nominees including Guy Fawkes, who was executed for trying to blow up the Parliament of England; Oliver Cromwell, who created a republican England; Richard III, suspected of murdering his nephews; James Connolly, an Irish nationalist and socialist who was executed by the Crown in 1916; and a surprisingly high ranking of 17th for actor and singer Michael Crawford (the second highest-ranked entertainer, after John Lennon). Diana, Princess of Wales was judged to be a greater historical British figure than William Shakespeare by BBC respondents to the survey.

One of the more controversial figures to be included on the list was occultist Aleister Crowley. His works had a direct influence on the rise in popular occultism and some forms of neopaganism in the 20th century. In addition to the Britons, some notable non-British entrants were listed, including two Irish nationals, the philanthropic musicians Bono and Bob Geldof. The top 19 entries were people of English origin (though Sir Ernest Shackleton and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, were both born into Anglo-Irish families when what is now the Republic of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom). The highest-placed Scottish entry was Alexander Fleming in 20th place, with the highest Welsh entry, Owain Glyndŵr, at number 23.[4] Sixty had lived in the 20th century. The highest-ranked living person was Margaret Thatcher, placed 16th.[5] Ringo Starr is the only member of The Beatles not on the list. Isambard Kingdom Brunel occupied the top spot in the polls for some time thanks largely to "students from Brunel University who have been campaigning vigorously for the engineer for weeks."[6] However, a late surge in the final week of voting put Churchill over the top.[6] Of the top 100, 13 are women.

The opening and closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics featured the two greatest Britons, Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Winston Churchill as main characters, played by Kenneth Branagh and Timothy Spall, each of them reading a monologue from William Shakespeare's The Tempest.[7][8] The ceremony also included a personal appearance by Tim Berners-Lee,[9] who was placed 99th on the list. There were no black Britons on the list, prompting a separate three-month survey to find the 100 greatest black Britons.[10][11]

Top 10 on the list

Due to the nature of the poll used to select and rank the Britons, the results do not claim to be an objective assessment. They are as follows:

Rank Name Notability Nomination defended by Ref.
1 Sir Winston Churchill Prime Minister (1940–1945, 1951–1955). Historically ranked as one of the greatest British prime ministers. Kept the nation's spirit up during World War II, when the country had to defend itself against Hitler's attempts to invade. He was an important figure in post-war international and national politics as well. Received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. Mo Mowlam, British politician.[12] [13]
2 Isambard Kingdom Brunel Designer of the Great Western Railway, Clifton Suspension Bridge, SS Great Britain and numerous significant ships, tunnels and bridges. A prominent figure during the Industrial Revolution which began in Britain, he revolutionised public transport and modern engineering.[14] Jeremy Clarkson, TV presenter.[12] [13]
3 Diana, Princess of Wales First wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (marriage 1981–1996), and mother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry. Admired for her philanthropic deeds. Rosie Boycott, journalist and feminist activist.[12] [13]
4 Charles Darwin Biologist. Originator of the theory of evolution through natural selection and author of On the Origin of Species. Andrew Marr, journalist and TV presenter.[12] [13]
5 William Shakespeare Poet and playwright. Creator of Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and many more. Thought of by many as the greatest of all English writers. He is still an internationally admired and influential figure in the field of theatre. Fiona Shaw, actress and theatre and opera director.[12] [13]
6 Sir Isaac Newton Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher. Originator of universal gravitation and laws of classical mechanics and laws of motion. His Principia is one of the most influential works in the history of science. Tristram Hunt, historian.[12] [13]
7 Queen Elizabeth I Queen (1558–1603). Brought a period of relative internal stability. She is associated with the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Her reign is known as the Elizabethan era. Michael Portillo, journalist and politician.[12] [13]
8 John Lennon Pop/rock singer and member of The Beatles. One of the most famous, successful, influential, covered and admired pop artists of all time. Hailed for his peace activism. Alan Davies, comedian and actor.[12] [13]
9 Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Naval commander, famous for his service in the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. His victory during the Battle of Trafalgar was significant in preventing an invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte's army. Lucy Moore, historian.[12] [13]
10 Oliver Cromwell 1st Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1658). Commander of the New Model Army during the English Civil War against King Charles I. Admired for moving the country to a more democratic stateform, though his nomination was controversial due to allegations of genocide in Ireland. Richard Holmes, military historian.[12] [13]

Full list

  1. Sir Winston Churchill
  2. Isambard Kingdom Brunel
  3. Diana, Princess of Wales
  4. Charles Darwin
  5. William Shakespeare
  6. Sir Isaac Newton
  7. Elizabeth I
  8. John Lennon
  9. Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
  10. Oliver Cromwell
  11. Sir Ernest Shackleton, explorer. Made important contributions to the exploration of Antarctica.
  12. Captain James Cook, explorer. Made maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
  13. Robert Baden-Powell, soldier and activist. Founder of Scouting.
  14. Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871–899). Successfully stopped the viking advance in England, encouraged education, proposing that primary education be taught in English, and improved his kingdom's legal system, military structure and people's quality of life.
  15. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, general during the Napoleonic Wars (defeated Napoleon at Waterloo) and Prime Minister (1828–1830, 1834).
  16. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister (1979–1990). First woman to have held the office.
  17. Michael Crawford, TV, film and theatre actor (Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em on television, and originated the title role in The Phantom of the Opera on the West End).
  18. Queen Victoria, queen (1837–1901). Her reign is known as the Victorian era.
  19. Sir Paul McCartney, musician (The Beatles).
  20. Sir Alexander Fleming, physician and chemist. Discovered penicillin. Received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945.
  21. Alan Turing, mathematician and pioneering computer scientist. Invented the Turing Test and devised cryptanalytical techniques, including those which cracked the Enigma machine.
  22. Michael Faraday, physicist. Discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
  23. Owain Glyndŵr, Welsh prince
  24. Elizabeth II, queen (1952–).
  25. Stephen Hawking, astrophysicist. Achieved groundbreaking work in the field of quantum gravity and theoretical cosmology. Author of A Brief History of Time.
  26. William Tyndale, scholar. Translated the Bible into English.
  27. Emmeline Pankhurst, activist for women's rights. Helped achieve women's right to vote in the United Kingdom.
  28. William Wilberforce, politician and activist. Led the anti-slavery movement.
  29. David Bowie, musician (Space Oddity, Ziggy Stardust, Heroes, Let's Dance)
  30. Guy Fawkes, criminal. Tried but failed to blow up the English Parliament. The event is the origin of the annual Bonfire Night.
  31. Leonard Cheshire, military pilot and philanthropist.
  32. Eric Morecambe, comedian and actor (Morecambe and Wise).
  33. David Beckham, association football player.
  34. Thomas Paine, philosopher (The Age of Reason).
  35. Boudica, Celtic queen of Britannia. Led resistance against the Roman army.
  36. Sir Steve Redgrave, rower. Won gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games (1984–2000).
  37. Sir Thomas More, author and philosopher (Utopia).
  38. William Blake, poet and painter (Songs of Innocence and Experience, Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion, Milton: A Poem in Two Books).
  39. John Harrison, inventor of the marine chronometer.
  40. Henry VIII, king (1509–1547).
  41. Charles Dickens, novelist (Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, Great Expectations, David Copperfield).
  42. Sir Frank Whittle, engineer and inventor. Invented the turbojet engine.
  43. John Peel, radio presenter.
  44. John Logie Baird, engineer and inventor. Invented the television.
  45. Aneurin Bevan, politician. Minister of Health (1945–1951). Spearheaded the establishment of the National Health Service, providing medical care to all UK citizens regardless of wealth.
  46. Boy George, pop singer (Culture Club).
  47. Sir Douglas Bader, military aviator.
  48. Sir William Wallace, knight and resistance leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence.
  49. Sir Francis Drake, explorer and admiral. Defeated the Spanish Armada.
  50. John Wesley, religious activist. Founder of Methodism.
  51. King Arthur, mythical king.
  52. Florence Nightingale, humanitarian activist and founder of modern nursing. Nursed wounded soldiers during the Crimean War.
  53. T. E. Lawrence, better known as "Lawrence of Arabia", military.
  54. Robert Falcon Scott, explorer. Failed to reach the South Pole before Roald Amundsen and died on the way back. Became a national hero to the British because of his perseverance.
  55. Enoch Powell, politician.
  56. Sir Cliff Richard, pop singer.
  57. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor. Invented the telephone.
  58. Freddie Mercury, rock singer (Queen).
  59. Dame Julie Andrews, film actress (Mary Poppins, The Sound of Music).
  60. Sir Edward Elgar, composer (Pomp and Circumstance Marches).
  61. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, queen during WWII.
  62. George Harrison, rock guitarist (The Beatles).
  63. Sir David Attenborough, biologist and TV documentary presenter.
  64. James Connolly, activist, politician and Marxist insurgent leader.
  65. George Stephenson, civil engineer. "Father of the Railways". Invented the first practical steam locomotive and built the first public railway.
  66. Sir Charlie Chaplin, comedian, actor and film director (The Kid, The Gold Rush, City Lights, The Great Dictator, Modern Times)
  67. Tony Blair, Prime Minister (1997–2007).
  68. William Caxton, printer. Introduced the printing press in England.
  69. Bobby Moore, association football player. Captain of the England team that won the 1966 World Cup
  70. Jane Austen, novelist (Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility).
  71. William Booth, humanitarian activist. Founder of the Salvation Army.
  72. Henry V, king (1413–1422).
  73. Aleister Crowley, poet, novelist and occultist.
  74. Robert the Bruce, king of the Scots (1306–1329).
  75. Bob Geldof, pop singer (The Boomtown Rats) and humanitarian activist (Live Aid, Live 8). Born in Dún Laoghaire and thus technically an Irishman.
  76. The Unknown Warrior, soldier whose remains are buried at Westminster Abbey.
  77. Robbie Williams, pop singer (Take That).
  78. Edward Jenner, physician. Inventor of the smallpox vaccine.
  79. David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, Prime Minister (1916–1922).
  80. Charles Babbage, mathematician, philosopher, mechanical engineer and inventor. Invented the first programmable mechanical computer.
  81. Geoffrey Chaucer, poet (The Canterbury Tales).
  82. Richard III, king (1483–1485).
  83. J. K. Rowling, novelist (Harry Potter).
  84. James Watt, inventor. Improved the steam engine, making it economical for use in factories, which was fundamental to the Industrial Revolution which originated in Great Britain
  85. Sir Richard Branson, businessman (Virgin).
  86. Bono, rock singer (U2). Born in Dublin, Ireland, so is an Irishman.
  87. John Lydon (Johnny Rotten), rock/punk singer (The Sex Pistols, Public Image Ltd.)
  88. Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein ('Monty'), WWII general.
  89. Donald Campbell, speed record breaker. Only person to set both world land and water speed records in the same year (1964).
  90. Henry II, king (1154–1189).
  91. James Clerk Maxwell, physicist. Developed the theory of electromagnetic radiation.
  92. J. R. R. Tolkien, novelist (The Hobbit, Lord of the Rings).
  93. Sir Walter Raleigh, explorer. Explored North America.
  94. Edward I, king (1272–1307).
  95. Sir Barnes Wallis, engineer and inventor. Invented the bouncing bomb, earthquake bomb and geodetic airframe.
  96. Richard Burton, theatre and film actor.
  97. Tony Benn, politician.
  98. David Livingstone, explorer. Discovered the origins of the Nile.
  99. Sir Tim Berners-Lee, computer scientist. Inventor of the World Wide Web.
  100. Marie Stopes, eugenicist and campaigner for women's rights. Pioneer in the field of birth control.

Although the BBC's original ranked list has been removed from their web server and what remains is only an alphabetical list of the Top 100,[15] several other sources[16][17][18] have preserved the original ranked list.

There was some question as to whether the Richard Burton listed at #96 is the actor or the explorer. A BBC press release makes it clear that they intended it to be the actor.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 100 great British heroes—BBC News article, dated Wednesday, 21 August 2002 (contains the top 100, sorted alphabetically)
  2. ↑ BBC reveals 100 great British heroes—BBC News article, dated Thursday, 22 August 2002
  3. ↑ Ten greatest Britons chosen—BBC News article, dated Sunday, 20 October 2002
  4. ↑ Rebel 'plot' to topple greatest Welshman The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2011
  5. ↑ Three lead race to be greatest Briton The Times. Retrieved 26 September 2011
  6. 1 2 "Churchill leads great Britons poll". Daily Mail. Retrieved 13 March 2013
  7. ↑ "Brunel reads from Shakespeare's The Tempest". ITV News. Retrieved 24 August
  8. ↑ "Timothy Spall plays Churchill at closing ceremony". BBC News. Retrieved 24 August
  9. ↑ "Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee stars in Olympics opening ceremony" ZDNet. Retrieved 10 April 2013
  10. ↑ "Nurse named greatest black Briton". BBC News. 10 February 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  11. ↑ Solambey F. "The 100 greatest Black Britons". Afrokanlife. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "BBC TWO reveals the ten greatest Britons of all time". BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2015
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Great Britons". BBC History. Retrieved 11 October 2015
  14. ↑ "Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here". BBC. 10 July 2017.
  15. ↑ BBC - Press Office - List of top 100 Britons, BBC Press Release, 8 August 2002
  16. ↑ 100 Greatest Britons (BBC Poll, 2002) - Alchemipedia, posted 8 December 2009
  17. ↑ "Great Britons 1-10". BBC via Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2004-02-04. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  18. ↑ "Great Britons 11-100". BBC via Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2002-12-04. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
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