.us

.us
Introduced February 15, 1985 (1985-02-15)
TLD type Country code top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Neustar
Sponsor National Telecommunications and Information Administration
Intended use Entities connected with the United States
Actual use
Registered domains 1,715,757 (March 2016)[1]
Registration restrictions U.S. nexus requirement can be enforced by challenge but seldom is
Structure 2nd-level registrations allowed; originally only 3rd- or 4th-level registrations in a complex hierarchy
Documents RFC 1480; USDoC agreements with Neustar
Dispute policies usTLD Dispute Resolution Policy (usDRP)
Website about.us
DNSSEC yes

.us is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States. It was established in 1985. Registrants of .us domains must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Most registrants in the U.S. have registered for .com, .net, .org and other gTLDs, instead of .us, which has primarily been used by state and local governments despite any entity having the option of registering a .us domain.

History

On February 15, 1985, .us was created as the Internet's first ccTLD.[2] Its original administrator was Jon Postel of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California (USC). He administered .us under a subcontract that the ISI and USC had from SRI International (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the United States Department of Defense) and later Network Solutions (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the National Science Foundation).

Postel and his colleague Ann Cooper codified the .us ccTLD's policies in December 1992 as RFC 1386 and revised them the following June in RFC 1480. Registrants could only register third-level domains or higher in a geographic and organizational hierarchy. From June 1993 to June 1997, Postel delegated the vast majority of the geographic subdomains under .us to various public and private entities. .us registrants could register with the delegated manager for the specific zone they wished to register in, but not directly with the .us administrator. In July 1997, Postel instituted a "50/500 rule" that limited each delegated manager to 500 localities maximum, 50 in a given state.[3]

On October 1, 1998, the NSF transferred oversight of the .us domain to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce. Postel died that month, leaving his domain administration responsibilities with ISI. In December 2000, these responsibilities were transferred to Network Solutions, which had recently been acquired by Verisign.[3]

On October 26, 2001, Neustar was awarded the contract to administer .us. On April 24, 2002, second-level domains under .us became available for registration. One of the first .us domain hacks, icio.us, was registered on May 3, 2002, for the creation of the subdomain del.icio.us.[4][5] A moratorium was placed on additional delegations of locality-based namespaces, and Neustar became the default delegate for undelegated localities. Neustar's contract was renewed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in 2007 and most recently in 2014.[3][6]

Locality namespace

The .us ccTLD is historically organized under a complex locality namespace hierarchy. Until second-level registrations were introduced in 2002, .us permitted only fourth-level domain registrations of the form "<organization-name>.<locality>.<state>.us", with some exceptions for government entities. Registrants of locality-based domains must meet the same criteria as in the rest of the .us ccTLD. Though the locality namespace is most commonly used for government entities, it is also open to registrations by private businesses and individuals. Since 2002, second-level domain registrations have eclipsed those in the locality namespace, and many local governments have transitioned to .org and other TLDs.[3]

Many locality-based zones of .us are delegated to various public and private entities known as delegated managers. Domains in these zones are registered through the delegated manager, rather than through Neustar. As the delegated managers are expected to receive requests directly from registrants, few if any domain name registrars serve this space, possibly contributing to its lower visibility and utilization. RFC 1480 describes the rationale for the locality namespace's deep hierarchy and local delegation, which has proven unappealing to companies that operate nationally or globally:[3]

One concern is that things will continue to grow dramatically, and this will require more subdivision of the domain name management. Maybe the plan for the US Domain is overkill on growth planning, but there has never been overplanning for growth yet.

As of October 31, 2013, 12,979 domains were registered under the locality namespace, of which 3,653 were managed by about 1,300 delegated managers while 9,326 were managed by Neustar as the de facto manager.[7] According to a 2013 survey of 539 delegated managers, 282 were state or local government agencies, while 98 were private individuals and 85 were commercial Internet service providers. Nearly 90% of the respondents offer domain registrations for free.[3]

States and territories

A two-letter second-level domain is formally reserved for each U.S. state, federal territory, and the District of Columbia. Each domain corresponds to a USPS abbreviation. For example, .ny.us is reserved for websites affiliated with New York, while .va.us is for those affiliated with Virginia. Second-level domains are also reserved for five U.S. territories: .as.us for American Samoa, .gu.us for Guam, .mp.us for the Northern Mariana Islands, .pr.us for Puerto Rico, and .vi.us for the U.S. Virgin Islands. However, these domains go unused because each territory has its own ccTLD per ISO 3166-1 alpha-2: respectively, .as, .gu, .mp, .pr, and .vi.

A state's main government portal is usually found at the third-level domain state.<state>.us, which is reserved for this purpose. However, some state administrations prefer .gov domains: for example, California's government portal is located at both http://www.ca.gov/ and http://www.state.ca.us/, while Massachusetts' is located at www.mass.gov instead of http://www.state.ma.us/. Fully spelled-out names of states are also reserved under .us,[3] so the State of Ohio's website can be found at http://ohio.gov/ and http://ohio.us/, with http://www.state.oh.us/ serving as a redirect. Other than for state governments, no third-level domain registrations are permitted under state or territory second-level domains.

A few additional names are reserved at the second level for government agencies that are not subordinate to a state government:

Locality domains

A large number of third-level domains are reserved for localities within states. Each fourth-level domain registration under this namespace follows the format "<organization-name>.<locality>.<state>.us", where <state> is a state's two-letter postal abbreviation and <locality> is a hyphenated name that corresponds to a ZIP code or appears in a well-known atlas.[3]

Two values of <organization-name> are formally reserved across the entire locality namespace for city and county governments:[3]

Delegated managers often reserve additional names for different kinds of local governments:[3]

In some cases, a local government that serves as the delegated manager for its own locality may locate its website directly under the <locality>, omitting the <organization-name>. For example, the website of the City of Brunswick, Ohio, is located at www.brunswick.oh.us rather than www.ci.brunswick.oh.us, and the website of Delhi Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, is located at delhi.oh.us instead of www.twp.delhi.oh.us.

Private organizations and individuals may register fourth-level domains parallel to these government domains, for example:

Affinity namespaces

Directly beneath the <state>.us zone, several affinity namespaces are reserved for specific purposes:

Some of these affinity namespaces have been supplanted by more convenient sponsored top-level domains. The first sTLD, .museum, became available in October 2001 as an alternative to the .mus namespace. Since April 2003, the .edu top-level domain has been available as an alternative for community colleges, technical and vocational schools, and other tertiary educational institutions that might have previously used the .cc or .tec affinity namespaces.[10]

Although the Kentucky Department of Education operates the .k12.ky.us namespace for Kentucky school districts, most districts instead use subdomains of the less formal domain kyschools.us, which the department operates in a similar manner. For example, Gallatin county schools have a website at www.gallatin.k12.ky.us, while Paducah Public Schools are located at paducah.kyschools.us and the McCracken County Public Schools use mccracken.kyschools.us as a redirect to www.mccrackencountyschools.net.

Kids.us

The Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002 (PL 107-317) established a .kids.us second-level domain. The general public could register third-level domains under .kids.us for educational content that met strict requirements, including conformance to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and adherence to Children's Advertising Review Unit standards. Webpages were prohibited from linking outside the .kids.us namespace. On July 27, 2012, in response to declining usage and a petition by Neustar the previous year, the NTIA suspended .kids.us registrations. By that time, 651 domains were registered under .kids.us, and only six registrants were operating active websites.[11]

Restrictions on use of .us domains

Under .us nexus requirements, .us domains may be registered only by the following qualified entities:

To ensure that these requirements are met, Neustar frequently conducts "spot checks" on registrant information.

To prevent anonymous registrations that do not meet these requirements, in 2005 the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ruled that registrants of .us domains may not secure private domain name registration via anonymizing proxies, and that their contact information must be made public.[12] Registrants are required to provide complete contact information without omissions.[13]

Under the locality namespace, delegated managers may impose additional requirements.[3] For example, the Texas Regional Hostmaster restricts each of its delegated localities to organizations that have a mailing address in that locality.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ NeuStar. "Statistics | neustar.us". Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  2. ↑ Portenueve, Elisabeth (October 23, 2003). "History of the Internet. ccTLDs in chronological order of Top Level Domain creation at the Internic.". AFNIC. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ".US compliance report" (PDF). Neustar. May 6, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  4. ↑ Whois query for the domain names "DELICIO.US" and "ICIO.US". Whois database last updated March 29, 2015. Accessed March 29, 2015.
  5. ↑ Lopp, Michael (December 3, 2004). "A Del.icio.us Interview". Rands in Repose. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  6. ↑ ".us Domain Space". National Telecommunications and Information Administration. February 17, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Structure and History". Neustar. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  8. ↑ A Counter Culture Dies : Zucky's Deli Suddenly Closes After 39 Years in Santa Monica
  9. ↑ "St. Margaret of York School". November 2010. Archived from the original on December 20, 2011.
  10. ↑ "EDUCAUSE Announces Expansion of Eligibility for .edu Internet Names to Nationally Accredited Institutions" (Press release). Educause. February 11, 2003. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  11. ↑ "Kids.us Education Advisory Committee Report" (PDF). Neustar. October 28, 2014. p. 2. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  12. ↑ "Ruling on '.us' Domain Raises Privacy Issues". washingtonpost.com. 2005-03-04. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  13. ↑ "The usTLD Nexus Requirements Policy". neustar.us. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  14. ↑ "Locality Domain Names in TX.US Administered by the Texas Regional Hostmaster". Texas Regional Hostmaster. May 4, 2000. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.