(−1)F

In a quantum field theory with fermions, (−1)F is a unitary, Hermitian, involutive operator where F is the fermion number operator. For the example of particles in the Standard Model, it is equal to the sum of the lepton number plus the baryon number, F=B+L. The action of this operator is to multiply bosonic states by 1 and fermionic states by −1. This is always a global internal symmetry of any quantum field theory with fermions and corresponds to a rotation by 2π. This splits the Hilbert space into two superselection sectors. Bosonic operators commute with (−1)F whereas fermionic operators anticommute with it.

This operator really shows its utility in supersymmetric theories.[1] Its trace is the spectral asymmetry of the fermion spectrum, and can be understood physically as the Casimir effect.

See also

References

  1. Terning, John (2006). Modern Supersymmetry:Dynamics and Duality: Dynamics and Duality. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-856763-4.

Further reading


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