Φ29 DNA polymerase

Φ29 DNA polymerase is an enzyme from the bacteriophage Φ29. It is being increasingly used in molecular biology for multiple displacement DNA amplification procedures, and has a number of features that make it particularly suitable for this application.

Φ29 DNA replication

Φ29 is a bacteriophage of Bacillus subtilis with a sequenced, linear, 19,285 base pair DNA genome.[1] Each 5' end is covalently linked to a terminal protein, which is essential in the replication process. A symmetrical mode of replication has been suggested, whereby protein-primed initiation occurs non-simultaneously from either end of the chromosome; this involves two replication origins and two distinct polymerase monomers. Synthesis is continual and involves a strand displacement mechanism. This was demonstrated by the ability of the enzyme to continue to copy the singly primed circular genome of the M13 phage more than tenfold in a single strand (over 70kb in a single strand).[2] In vitro experiments have shown that Φ29 replication can proceed to completion with the sole phage protein requirements of the polymerase and the terminal protein.[2] The polymerase catalyses the formation of the initiation complex between the terminal protein and the chromosome ends at an adenine residue. From here, continual synthesis can occur.

The polymerase

The polymerase is a monomeric protein with two distinct functional domains. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments support the proposition that this protein displays a structural and functional similarity to the Klenow fragment of the Escherichia coli Polymerase I enzyme;[3] it comprises a C-terminal polymerase domain and a spatially separated N-terminal domain with a 3'-5' exonuclease activity. The isolated enzyme has no intrinsic helicase activity, but may carry out an equivalent function by way of its strong binding to single stranded DNA, particularly in preference to double stranded nucleic acid. This is the property of this enzyme that makes is favorably applicable to Multiple Displacement Amplification. The enzyme facilitates the "debranching" of double stranded DNA.[2] Deoxyribonucleoside triphoshate cleavage that occurs as part of the polymerisation process probably supplies the energy required for this unwinding mechanism.[4] The continuous nature of strand synthesis (compared to the asymmetric synthesis seen in other organisms) probably contributes to this enhanced processivity. Proofreading activity conferred by the exonuclease domain was demonstrated by showing the preferential excision of a mismatched nucleotide from the 3' terminus of the newly synthesised strand.[5] The exonuclease activity of the enzyme is, like its polymerisation activity, highly processive and can degrade single stranded oligonucleotides without dissociation. Co-operation or a 'delicate competition' between these two functional domains is essential, so as to ensure accurate elongation at an optimal rate. The exonuclease activity of the enzyme does impede its polymerisation capacity; inactivation of the exonuclease activity by site-directed mutagenesis meant that a 350 fold lower dNTP concentration was required to achieve the same rates of primer elongation seen in the wild type enzyme.[5]

Whole genome amplification

Φ29 polymerase enzyme is already used in multiple displacement amplification (MDA) procedures (including in a number of commercial kits) whereby fragments tens of kilobases in length can be produced from non-specific hexameric primers annealing at intervals along the genome. The enzyme has many desirable properties that make it appropriate for whole genome amplification (WGA) by this method.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Vlcek C, Paces V (1986). "Nucleotide sequence of the late region of Bacillus phage Φ29 completes the 19,285-bp sequence of Φ29 genome. Comparison with the homologous sequence of phage PZA". Gene. 46 (2-3): 215–25. PMID 3803926. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(86)90406-3.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Blanco L, Bernad A, Lázaro JM, Martín G, Garmendia C, Salas M (May 1989). "Highly efficient DNA synthesis by the phage Φ29 DNA polymerase. Symmetrical mode of DNA replication". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (15): 8935–40. PMID 2498321.
  3. ↑ Bernad A, Blanco L, Salas M (September 1990). "Site-directed mutagenesis of the YCDTDS amino acid motif of the phi 29 DNA polymerase". Gene. 94 (1): 45–51. PMID 2121621. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90466-5.
  4. ↑ Alberts B, Sternglanz R (October 1977). "Recent excitement in the DNA replication problem". Nature. 269 (5630): 655–61. PMID 201853. doi:10.1038/269655a0.
  5. 1 2 3 Garmendia C, Bernad A, Esteban JA, Blanco L, Salas M (February 1992). "The bacteriophage phi 29 DNA polymerase, a proofreading enzyme". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (4): 2594–9. PMID 1733957.
  6. ↑ Alsmadi O, Alkayal F, Monies D, Meyer BF (2009). "Specific and complete human genome amplification with improved yield achieved by phi29 DNA polymerase and a novel primer at elevated temperature". BMC Res Notes. 2: 48. PMC 2663774 Freely accessible. PMID 19309528. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-48.
  7. ↑ Pugh TJ, Delaney AD, Farnoud N, et al. (August 2008). "Impact of whole genome amplification on analysis of copy number variants". Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (13): e80. PMC 2490749 Freely accessible. PMID 18559357. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn378.
  8. 1 2 Pinard R, de Winter A, Sarkis GJ, et al. (2006). "Assessment of whole genome amplification-induced bias through high-throughput, massively parallel whole genome sequencing". BMC Genomics. 7: 216. PMC 1560136 Freely accessible. PMID 16928277. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-216.

Further reading


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