Open-mid central rounded vowel
| Open-mid central rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɞ | |||
| ɔ̈ | |||
| IPA number | 395 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɞ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+025E | ||
| X-SAMPA |
3\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
O" | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Listen | |||
|
source · help | |||
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The open-mid central rounded vowel, or low-mid central rounded vowel,[1] is a vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɞ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 3\. The symbol is called closed reversed epsilon. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ɔ̈⟩.
Due to either typographic or design error, IPA charts were published with this vowel transcribed as a closed epsilon, ⟨ʚ⟩, and this graphic variant made its way into Unicode as U+029A ʚ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E. The form ⟨ɞ⟩ (U+025E ɞ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E) is considered correct.
Features
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • | |||||||||||||||||||
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | lug | [lɞχ] | 'air' | Also been described as mid [ɞ̝], typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. Many speakers merge /œ/ with /ə/, even in formal speech.[3] See Afrikaans phonology |
| English | Irish[4] | but | [bɞθ̠] | 'but' | Corresponds to [ʌ] in other varieties. See English phonology |
| New Zealand[5] | not | [nɞʔt] | 'not' | Possible realization of /ɒ/.[5] See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Icelandic[6][7] | öld | [ɞl̪t̪] | 'age' | Also described as front [œ].[8] Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. Often diphthongized to [ɵɞ] when long. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | tomhail | [tɞːlʲ] | 'consume' (imp.) | See Irish phonology | |
| Kashubian | ptôch | [ptɞx] | 'bird' | ||
| Navajo[9] | tsosts’id | [tsʰɞstsʼɪt] | 'seven' | See Navajo phonology | |
| Northern Tiwa | Taos dialect | [ʔãˌtʃʊt̚ːˈʔuɞnbɑ] | 'his-garment-around' | Allophone of /ɑ/. See Taos phonology | |
| Norwegian | Stavangersk[10] | topp | [tʰɞpː] | 'top' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Poitevin | o doune | [ɞ dun] | 'he gives' | ||
| Somali | keenaysaa | [keːnɞjsɑː] | 'she brings' | See Somali phonology | |
| West Frisian | Southwestern dialects[11] | boare | [ˈbɞːrə] | 'tomcat' | Corresponds to [wa] in other dialects.[11] See West Frisian phonology |
References
- ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ↑ Wissing (2012), p. 711.
- ↑ Wissing (2016), section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 422.
- 1 2 Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ "Icelandic Phonetic Transcription.PDF - ptg_ice.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ↑ Árnason (2011), p. 60.
- ↑ McDonough, Ladefoged & George (1993). Note that the authors gave a narrow transcription of [ɵ], though at the time the IPA had only this one symbol for a mid central rounded vowel, and it is clear from the discussion and formant charts that this vowel a centralized open-mid vowel.
- ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 17.
- 1 2 Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)
Bibliography
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 (1): 55–88. JSTOR 411276. doi:10.2307/411276.
- Hoekstra, Jarich (2003), "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay", Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present (PDF), 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209, ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8
- Hof, Jan Jelles (1933), Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff
- McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter; George, Helen (1993), "Navajo Vowels and Phonetic Universal Tendencies", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages, 84: 143–150
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, II: The British Isles, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
- Wissing, Daan (2012), "Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: ’n beskrywingsraamwerk", LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans), Stellenbosch: LitNet, 9 (2): 701–743, ISSN 1995-5928, archived from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
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