Close-mid central unrounded vowel
| Close-mid central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɘ | |||
| ë | |||
| ɤ̈ | |||
| IPA number | 397 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɘ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0258 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
@\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
@<umd> | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Listen | |||
|
source · help | |||
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The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a mirrored letter e, and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩ (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel ⟨ɤ̈⟩.
The ⟨ɘ⟩ letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɘ̞⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.
To type this symbol on Windows, press and hold the ALT key while typing "600" using the number pad keys.
Features
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| Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • | |||||||||||||||||||
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cotabato Manobo[3] | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. | ||||
| Dinka | Luanyjang[4] | ŋeŋ | [ŋɘ́ŋ] | "jawbone" | Short allophone of /e/.[4] |
| English | Australian[5][6] | bird | [bɘːd] | 'bird' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. See Australian English phonology |
| Southern Michigan[7] | [bɘ˞ːd] | Rhotacized. | |||
| Cardiff[8] | foot | [fɘt] | 'foot' | Less often rounded [ɵ];[9] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| New Zealand[10] | bit | [bɘt] | 'bit' | Corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Southern American[11] | nut | [nɘt] | 'nut' | Some dialects.[11] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| Estonian[12] | kõrv | [kɘrv] | 'ear' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[12] See Estonian phonology | |
| German | Standard[13] | bitte |  [ˈbɪtɘ] | 'please' | Also described as mid [ə].[14][15] See Standard German phonology |
| Many speakers[16] | Irrtum | [ˈɘːtuːm] | "error" | Common alternative to the centering diphthong [ɪɐ̯].[16] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨː⟩. See Standard German phonology | |
| Irish | Munster[17] | sáile | [ˈsˠɰaːlʲɘ] | 'salt water' | Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[17] See Irish phonology |
| Jebero[18] | [ˈiʃɘk] | 'bat' | |||
| Kaingang[19] | [ˈᵐbɘ] | 'tail' | Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[20] | ||
| Kalagan Kaagan[21] | [miˈwɘːʔ] | 'lost' | Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[21] | ||
| Kensiu[22] | [ɟɘ˞h] | 'to trim' | Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.[22] | ||
| Kera[23] | [t͡ʃɘ̄wā̠a̠] | 'fire' | Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[23] | ||
| Korean[24] | 어른 | [ɘːɾɯ̽n] | 'senior' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨əː⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Lizu[25] | [Fkɘ] | 'eagle' | Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[25] | ||
| Mapudungun[26] | elün | [ë̝ˈlɘn] | 'to leave (something)' | ||
| Mongolian[27] | үсэр | [usɘɾɘ̆] | 'jump' | ||
| Mono[28] | dœ | [dɘ] | 'be (equative)' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[28] | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[29] | sterkeste | [²stæɾkɘstɘ] | 'the strongest' | Also described as mid [ə];[30] occurs only in unstressed syllables. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. Some dialects (e.g. Trondheimsk) lack this sound.[31] See Norwegian phonology |
| Polish[32] | tymczasowy | [t̪ɘ̟mt͡ʂäˈs̪ɔvɘ̟] | 'temporary' | Somewhat fronted;[32] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology | |
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects[33] | casă | [ˈkäsɘ] | 'house' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | Some speakers[34] | солнце | [ˈs̪o̞n̪t̪͡s̪ɘ] | 'sun' | Unstressed allophone of /ɨ/ after /t͡s/; other speakers realize it as near-close [ɨ̞].[34] See Russian phonology |
| Shiwiar[35] | |||||
| Temne[36] | pər | [pɘ́r] | 'incite' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[36] | |
| Vietnamese[37] | vợ | [vɘ˨˩ˀ] | 'wife' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Xumi | Upper[38] | [LPmɘ̃dɐ] | 'upstairs' | Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[38] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[39] | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[40] | ne | [nɘ] | 'and' | Most common realization of /e/.[40] |
References
- ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ↑ For example Collins & Mees (1990).
- ↑ Kerr (1988:110)
- 1 2 Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119)
- ↑ Cox (2006:?)
- ↑ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
- ↑ Hillenbrand (2003:122)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:93)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
- ↑ Bauer et al. (2007)
- 1 2 Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
- 1 2 Asu & Teras (2009), pp. 368–369.
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2013:234)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87)
- ↑ Lodge (2009:87)
- 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 52). The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ⟨ɨː⟩, but describes it as a strongly centralized (not "raised and centralized") [ɪ], which it describes as close-mid.
- 1 2 Ó Sé (2000)
- ↑ Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- 1 2 Wendel & Wendel (1978:198)
- 1 2 Bishop (1996:230)
- 1 2 Pearce (2011:251)
- ↑ Lee (1999:121)
- 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013a:79)
- ↑ Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- 1 2 Olson (2004:235)
- ↑ Popperwell (2010), p. 16, 31–32.
- ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 21.
- 1 2 Jassem (2003:105)
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- 1 2 Jones & Ward (1969:38)
- ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- 1 2 Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
- ↑ Hoang (1965:24)
- 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389)
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370)
- 1 2 Merrill (2008:109–110)
Bibliography
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013a), "Lizu" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013b), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Hillenbrand, James M. (2003), "American English: Southern Michigan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
- Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-06736-7
- Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
- Kerr, Harland (1988), "Cotabato Manobo Grammar" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1–123
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-09
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), "Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191–203
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