Open-mid back rounded vowel

Open-mid back rounded vowel
ɔ
IPA number 306
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɔ
Unicode (hex) U+0254
X-SAMPA O
Kirshenbaum O
Braille ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)
Listen
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The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ⟨o⟩, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
i • y
ɨ • ʉ
ɯ • u
ɪ • ʏ
ɪ̈ • ʊ̈
ɯ̽ • ʊ
e • ø
ɘ • ɵ
ɤ • o
e̞ • ø̞
ə • ɵ̞
ɤ̞ • o̞
ɛ • œ
ɜ • ɞ
ʌ • ɔ
æ • 
ɐ • ɞ̞
a • ɶ
ä • ɒ̈
ɑ • ɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern[2] հողմ [hɔʁm] 'storm'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩.[3]
Bengali[4] অর্থ [ɔrt̪ʰo] 'meaning' See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian[5] род [rɔt̪] 'kin' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[6] soc [ˈsɔk] 'clog' See Catalan phonology
Cipu Tirisino dialect[7] kødø [kɔ̟̀ɗɔ̟́] "cut down!" Near-back.[8]
Danish Standard[9] og [ɔʊ̯] 'and' Also described as near-open [ɔ̞].[10] It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard Belgian[11] och  [ʔɔˤx]  'alas' 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',[12] strongly pharyngealized[13] (although less so in standard Belgian[14]) and somewhat fronted.[11][15] See Dutch phonology
Standard Northern[15]
English Australian[16] not  [nɔt]  'not' See Australian English phonology
Estuary[17]
New Zealand[18] May be somewhat fronted.[19] Often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩. See New Zealand English phonology
Received Pronunciation[20] /ɒ/ has shifted up in emerging RP.
General American[21] thought [θɔːt] 'thought' Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be from lower [ɒ]. See English phonology
Norfolk[22]
Older Received Pronunciation[23] Higher [ɔ̝ː] for most other speakers.
Scottish[24] Many Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of [ɔ] quality.
Sheffield[25] goat [ɡɔːt] 'goat'
Newfoundland[26] but [bɔt] 'but' Less commonly unrounded [ʌ].[26] See English phonology
Faroese[27] toldi [ˈtʰɔltɪ] 'endured' See Faroese phonology
French[28][29] sort [sɔːʁ] 'fate' The Parisian realization has been variously described as back [ɔ][28] and near-back [ɔ̟].[29] See French phonology
Georgian[30] სწორი [st͡sʼɔɾi] 'correct'
German Standard[31][32] voll  [fɔl]  'full' Described variously as open-mid back [ɔ],[31] open-mid near-back [ɔ̟][32] and near-open back [ɔ̞].[33] See Standard German phonology
Some speakers[34] Mutter [ˈmutɔʕ̞] 'mother' Common allophone of /ə/ before the pharyngeal approximant realization of /r/. Occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.[34] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[35] hoch [hɔːχ] 'high' Close-mid [oː] in other accents.[36] See Standard German phonology
Icelandic[37][38] loft [ˈlɔft] 'air' Often diphthongized to [oɔ] when long.[39] See Icelandic phonology
Italian[40] parola  [päˈrɔ̟ːlä]  'word' Near-back.[40] See Italian phonology
Kaingang[41] [ˈpɔ] 'stone'
Kera[42] [dɔ̟̀l] 'hard earth' Near-back.[42]
Kokborok kwrwi [kɔrɔi] 'not'
Limburgish[43][44] mòn [mɔːn] 'moon' Lower [ɔ̞ː] in the Maastrichtian dialect.[45] The example word is from the Hasselt dialect.
Lower Sorbian[46] pšosba [ˈpʂɔz̪bä] 'a request'
Luxembourgish[47] Sonn [zɔn] 'son' Possible realization of /o/.[47] See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian Urban East[48][49] topp [tʰɔpː] 'top' Described variously as open-mid back [ɔ],[48] open-mid near-back [ɔ̟][49] and near-open back [ɔ̞].[50] See Norwegian phonology
Some dialects[48] så [sɔː] 'so' Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid [ɔ̝ː] in other dialects.[48] See Norwegian phonology
Polish[51] kot  [kɔt̪]  'cat' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[52][53] fofoca [fɔˈfɔ̞kɐ] 'gossip' Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨o⟩ allophones, such as [o̞ o ʊ u], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[54] bronca [ˈbɾɔ̃kə] 'scolding' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /õ̞/. See Portuguese phonology
Russian Some speakers[55] сухой [s̪ʊˈxɔj] 'dry' More commonly realized as mid [o̞].[55] See Russian phonology
Slovak Standard[56] ohúriť [ˈɔɦʊːrɪc̟] 'to stun' Backness varies between back and near-back; most commonly realized as mid [o̞] instead.[56] See Slovak phonology
Temne[57] pɔn [pɔ̟̀n] 'swamp' Near-back.[57]
Upper Sorbian[46][58] pos [pɔs̪] 'dog' See Upper Sorbian phonology
West Frisian[59] rôt [rɔːt] 'rat' See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[60] Nasalized; may be near-open [ɔ̞̃] instead.[60]

See also

References

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ↑ Khan (2010:222)
  5. ↑ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
  6. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  7. ↑ McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
  8. ↑ McGill (2014), p. 308.
  9. ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
  10. ↑ Basbøll (2005:47)
  11. 1 2 Verhoeven (2005:245)
  12. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
  13. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
  14. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:222)
  15. 1 2 Gussenhoven (1992:47)
  16. ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  17. ↑ Wells (1982a:305)
  18. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
  19. ↑ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
  20. ↑ Wikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
  21. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
  22. ↑ Lodge (2009:168)
  23. ↑ Wells (1982a:293)
  24. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  25. ↑ Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 74
  26. 1 2 Wells (1982b:498)
  27. ↑ Árnason (2011:68, 75)
  28. 1 2 Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  29. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2013:225)
  30. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  31. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34)
  32. 1 2 Lodge (2009:87)
  33. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013:234)
  34. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:51)
  35. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  36. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  37. ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
  38. ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  39. ↑ Árnason (2011:57–60)
  40. 1 2 Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  41. ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  42. 1 2 Pearce (2011:251)
  43. ↑ Verhoeven (2007:221)
  44. ↑ Peters (2006:118–119)
  45. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
  46. 1 2 Stone (2002:600)
  47. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  48. 1 2 3 4 Popperwell (2010:26)
  49. 1 2 Strandskogen (1979:15, 19)
  50. ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
  51. ↑ Jassem (2003:105)
  52. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  53. ↑ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
  54. ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
  55. 1 2 Jones & Ward (1969:56)
  56. 1 2 Pavlík (2004:94–95)
  57. 1 2 Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
  58. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
  59. ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  60. 1 2 Bamgboṣe (1969:166)

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