Đorđe Nemanjić

Đorđe Nemanjić / George of Zeta
Grand Prince of Zeta King of Zeta (self-styled)^[1]
Grand Prince of Zeta
Reign	1208–1216
Coronation	1208
Predecessor	Vukan Nemanjić
Successor	Stefan Radoslav

Born	Đorđe Vukanović Nemanjić
Issue	Dimitrije Stefan
Dynasty	Nemanjić
Father	Vukan Nemanjić
Religion	† Serbian Orthodox

Đorđe Nemanjić or George of Zeta (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђорђе Немањић; fl. 1208–1216) was the Grand Župan (Grand Prince) of Zeta 1208–1216. He was the son of rival Serbian Grand Prince and titular King Vukan Nemanjić (r. Serbia 1202–1204, Zeta 1190–1208), hence George too was a titular King. He continued the struggle between his father and uncle, and accepted the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice. Zeta was finally regained by Stefan in 1216.

Background

Saint Symeon (Stefan Nemanja), fresco from Bogorodica Ljeviška church in Prizren (1307—1309)

Stefan Nemanja had managed to secure the independence from the Byzantine Empire after the death of emperor Manuel I (1180), and then conquered the traditional fiefs of Duklja, Travunia and Hum on the Adriatic coast. Nemanja gives Vukan, as heir presumptive, appanages of the conquered lands, including Hvosno and Toplica around 1190 as Grand Prince.^[2]

Although Vukan was the eldest son of Stefan Nemanja, Nemanja had instead chosen his younger son Stefan [II] as heir. This was done as Nemanja preferred to see Stefan Nemanjić on the Serbian throne as he was married to Eudokia, the daughter of Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos. It seems that Vukan reacted on this change in succession by adopting a royal title; in an inscription dated 1195 in the church of St. Luke in Kotor, Vukan is titled as King of Duklja, Dalmatia, Travunia, Toplica and Hvosno.^[3] Although Vukan assumed a royal title, he remained under his father's authority. In 1196, at a State Council, Nemanja abdicated in favour of Stefan; Vukan had to recognize his brother as the new ruler of Serbia. Nemanja took monastic vows and was given the name Simeon, and retreated to Hilandar at Mount Athos. While Nemanja was alive Vukan didn't oppose Stefan's rule but as soon as Nemanja died in 1200 he started to plot against Stefan in order to become Grand Prince. He found aid in Hungarian King Emeric (1196–1204) who at the time fought against the Second Bulgarian Empire and wanted Serbian assistance. With the help of Hungarian troops in 1202, Vukan managed to overthrow Stefan, who fled to Bulgaria, and Vukan was left to rule.^[3] In an inscription dating to 1202–1203, Vukan is titled as Grand Župan Vukan, Ruler of all Serbian land, Zeta, maritime towns and land of Nišava.^[4]

In return for Hungarian help, Vukan became a Hungarian vassal and promised that he would convert to Catholicism if the Pope would give him royal title. However, as a Hungarian vassal, Vukan soon got involved in the Hungarian conflict with Bulgaria. In 1203 Bulgarians attacked Serbia and conquered the eastern part of country with the city of Niš. In the chaos that followed the Bulgarian attack, and using Vukan's talks with the pope against him, Stefan managed to return to Serbia and overthrow Vukan in 1204, becoming Grand Prince again.

Life

Early life and accession

Vukan, George's father. Fresco from Dečani (1346/1347).

George was the eldest son of Vukan Nemanjić. He had three brothers: Stefan, who founded Morača monastery in 1252, Dmitar (better known by his monastic name David) who founded the Davidovica monastery and was still alive in 1286,^[5] and Mladen (Bladinus).^[6]

After Vukan's coup, Stefan managed to return to Serbia and overthrow him in 1204, regaining the rule of Serbia as Grand Prince. On intervention of the third brother, archbishop Sava, Stefan spared Vukan and returned him his appanage in Zeta. Vukan abdicated for his son George, who is mentioned as "King" in 1208.^[6]^[7] Interestingly, Vukan is mentioned as "Great Prince" in an inscription in Studenica, dated 1209.^[7] Possibly Vukan abdicated in favour for George in his lifetime in order to secure his succession; Stefan might have had taken Zeta during an interregnum.^[7] Vukan seems to have died in 1209 or shortly thereafter.^[7]

Reign

The struggle between the two Nemanjić branches continued under George.^[7] George accepted the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice, probably in 1208. He could have at least two motives for his entering this arrangement: not only could the Venetian alliance help prevent Stefan from obtaining control of his lands, but it also would Venice from asserting full control over his ports in southern Dalmatia.^[7] (After the Fourth Crusade Venice had been working to obtain control over Balkan ports, and had in 1205 established an arrangement with Dubrovnik under which the city was required to support Venice militarily in exchange for retaining its autonomy in other respects.^[7])

George soon also entered a military alliance with Venice against the Albanian Dimitri of the Progon family, who controlled a part of Albania from a mountain stronghold at Kroja (Arbanon).^[7] Dimitri was theoretically also a vassal of Venice, but in a treaty signed on 3 July 1208, George promised to provide military support to Venice if Dimitri attacked Venetian territory.^[7]^[8] The Gëziq inscription mention the Progon family as judices, and notes their dependence to Mladen and George.^[9] The alliance against Dimitri may have been related to the struggle between the two Nemanjić branches, as Dimitri had was married to Komnena Nemanjić, a daughter of Stefan.^[7]^[8] By 1212, the Venetians had left Arbanon, abandoning it to Michael Angelos, in circumstances that remain uncertain.^[8] Arbanon remained to its traditional fidelities, Byzantine and Serbian, Orthodox; when Dimitri died, Gregory Kamonas succeeded in ruling Arbanon, and took Komnena as his second wife; ties were strengthened with Serbia, with which ties had been weakened by a Serbian attack on Scutari following the collapse of the Venetian duchy of Durazzo.^[8]

There are no historical accounts of George's activities from the time of July 1208 treaty through 1216. By 1216, Stefan had obtained Zeta, probably through military action, and put an end to Zetan independence.^[7] Stefan eventually assigned Zeta to his own son Stefan Radoslav, though recently scholars believe that he retained the province for himself.^[7] Zeta remained part of Serbia without any special legal position, and it was frequently held by the heir of the Serbian throne, who bore a title not connected to Zeta but his position in the Serbian court.^[7]

George continued the struggle beyond 1216, but the next generation had no special positions and are found as common župans (county lords), lost in the crowd of Zeta's nobility.^[7] Zeta, with its special dynasty eliminated, became juridically no different from the rest of the Serbian state, except being managed by a special governor of the dynasty.^[7]

Royal titles
Preceded by Vukan	Grand Prince of Zeta 1208–1216	Succeeded by Stefan Radoslav

References

↑ Todić 2006, p. 33
↑ Fine 1994, p. 7 (528)
1 2 Ćirković 2004, p. 38.
↑ Jireček 1911, p. 289
↑ Jireček 1911, p. 290
1 2 Leskovac 2004, p. 407
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Fine 1994, pp. 49-50
1 2 3 4 Abulafia 1999, p. 786
↑ Abulafia 1999, p. 780

Sources

Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
Abulafia, David (1999). The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1198-c. 1300. Cambridge University Press.
Jireček, Konstantin Josef (1911). Geschichte der Serben 1. Gotha.
Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Todić, Branislav; Popović, Danica (2006). Monastery of Morača. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, Balkanološki institut. ISBN 9788671790468.
Leskovac, Mladen; Forišković, Aleksandar; Popov, Čedomir (2004). Srpski biografski rečnik [Српски биографски речник]. 2. Novi Sad: Budućnost [Будућност].

Nemanjić dynasty
Main ruling members	see family tree Stefan Nemanja Stefan the First-Crowned Vukan Radoslav Vladislav Uroš I Dragutin (Uroš II) Milutin (Uroš III) Dečanski (Uroš IV) Dušan Uroš V
Other ruling members	Đorđe Vladislav of Syrmia Stefan Konstantin John Uroš Simeon Uroš
Archbishops	Sava Sava II
Minor members	Vratislav Vratko Urošica Dmitar Stefan Vukanović Stefan Uroš of Pharsalos Desa
Female members	Komnena, Duchess of Kruja and Elbasan Brnjača Zorica Jelena, Princess of Bribir Elizabeth, Baness of Bosnia Ana-Neda, Empress of Bulgaria Teodora-Evdokija, Despotess Milica, Princess of Serbia Maria Angelina, Empress of Epirus Jelena, Lady of Zeta; Grand Duchess of Hum
Consorts	Anastasia Eudokia Angelina Anna Dandolo Anna Doukaina Beloslava of Bulgaria Helen of Anjou Catherine of Hungary Helena Doukaina Angelina Elizabeth of Hungary Ana Terter Simonida Theodora Smilets Maria Palaiologina Helena of Bulgaria Anna of Wallachia

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