Arta, Greece

Arta
Άρτα

The historic Bridge of Arta.
Arta

Coordinates: 39°9′N 20°59′E / 39.150°N 20.983°E / 39.150; 20.983Coordinates: 39°9′N 20°59′E / 39.150°N 20.983°E / 39.150; 20.983
Country Greece
Administrative region Epirus
Regional unit Arta
Government
 • Mayor Ioannis Papalexis
Area
 • Municipality 457.2 km2 (176.5 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 47.973 km2 (18.522 sq mi)
Elevation 30 m (100 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Municipality 43,166
 • Municipality density 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 27,330
 • Municipal unit density 570/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
Community[1]
 • Population 24,427 (2011)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 471 00
Area code(s) 26810
Vehicle registration ΑΤ
Website www.arta.gr

Arta (Greek: Άρτα) is a city in northwestern Greece, capital of the regional unit of Arta, which is part of Epirus region. The city was known in ancient times as Ambracia (Ancient Greek: Ἀμβρακία). Arta is known for the medieval bridge over the Arachthos River. Arta is also known for its ancient sites from the era of Pyrrhus of Epirus and its well-preserved 13th-century castle. Arta's Byzantine history is reflected in its many Byzantine churches; perhaps the best known is the Panagia Paregoretissa (Mother of God the Consoling), built about 1290 by Despot Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas. The city is the seat of the Technological Educational Institute of Epirus.

History

Antiquity

The first settlement in the area of the modern city dates to the 9th century B.C. Ambracia was founded as a Corinthian colony in the 7th century B.C. In 294 BC, after forty-three years of semi-autonomy under Macedonian suzerainty, Ambracia was given to Pyrrhus, king of the Molossians and of Epirus, who made it his capital, using Ambracia as a base to attack the Romans. Pyrrhus managed to achieve great but costly victories against the Romans, hence the phrase "Pyrrhic victory" which refers in particular to an exchange at the Battle of Asculum. Nevertheless, Pyrrhus found the time and means to adorn his capital with a palace, temples and theatres. In 146 BC, Ambracia became part of the Roman Republic.

Byzantine period

Despite the existence several churches from the 9th and 10th centuries, Arta is first attested only in the late 11th century. In the Komnenian period, the city flourished as a commercial centre, with links to Venice, and quickly rose to become an archbishopric (by 1157). By the end of the 12th century, Arta probably formed a distinct fiscal district (episkepsis) within the wider theme of Nicopolis.[2]

The 13th-century Church of the Parigoritissa, which used to house the Archaeological Collection of Arta.

In 1205, after the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade, Arta became the capital of the Despotate of Epirus. It continued to prosper under its new rulers, despite repeated attempts by another Greek successor state, the Empire of Nicaea (and after 1261, the restored Byzantine Empire), to subdue Epirus. Fortified in 1227, Arta was briefly occupied in 1259, following the Battle of Pelagonia, by the Nicaeans.

Battles around Arta in 1821-22 during the Greek War of Independence (including the Battle of Peta in the upper right corner), illustrated by Panagiotis Zographos under the guidance of General Makriyannis.

The restored Byzantine emperors continued their assaults, but it was not until 1338 that Andronikos III Palaiologos finally secured control of the city, only for it to be wrested from the Byzantines a few years later by Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan.[2] Serbian rule was followed by Albanian rule (1358–1416), until it was taken by Carlo I Tocco, Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos. The city remained in Tocco's hands until 1449, when the Ottoman Empire captured it.[2]

Engraving of the city, 1686

As late as the 15th century, the Chronicle of the Tocco attests to the prosperity of Arta and its fertile region, "with many water buffaloes, cows, and horses", and a lively commercial activity in dried meat, lard, ham, furs, and indigo drawing merchants from Venice and Dubrovnik. Archaeological finds also attest to a local ceramic industry.[2]

Ottoman period and Independence

Under Ottoman rule, the town was called in Turkish Narda. It was occupied by Venetians in 1717 and the French in 1797, but the Ottomans retook it in 1799. Several battles took place near the city during the Greek War of Independence. The city was finally annexed to the Greek Kingdom in 1881 by the Treaty of Berlin.

Climate

Climate data for Arta (1976-1997)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9)		 14.0
(57.2)		 16.7
(62.1)		 20.1
(68.2)		 25.0
(77)		 29.1
(84.4)		 31.8
(89.2)		 32.0
(89.6)		 29.0
(84.2)		 24.1
(75.4)		 19.0
(66.2)		 14.9
(58.8)		 22.42
(72.35)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7)		 9.4
(48.9)		 11.9
(53.4)		 15.2
(59.4)		 19.9
(67.8)		 24.0
(75.2)		 26.5
(79.7)		 26.5
(79.7)		 23.1
(73.6)		 18.3
(64.9)		 13.5
(56.3)		 9.9
(49.8)		 17.24
(63.03)
Average low °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5)		 5.2
(41.4)		 7.0
(44.6)		 9.9
(49.8)		 13.9
(57)		 17.3
(63.1)		 19.5
(67.1)		 19.9
(67.8)		 17.1
(62.8)		 13.4
(56.1)		 9.4
(48.9)		 6.0
(42.8)		 11.94
(53.49)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 131.8
(5.189)		 135.0
(5.315)		 93.8
(3.693)		 81.5
(3.209)		 58.5
(2.303)		 21.8
(0.858)		 12.6
(0.496)		 17.2
(0.677)		 43.5
(1.713)		 115.4
(4.543)		 186.0
(7.323)		 187.5
(7.382)		 1,084.6
(42.701)
Average rainy days 12.1 11.1 10.6 9.6 7.4 4.2 2.5 2.5 4.9 8.1 11.9 13.0 97.9
Average relative humidity (%) 71.7 70.6 68.9 68.8 66.0 61.4 59.2 59.4 63.6 67.7 74.1 73.2 67.05
Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service [3]

Landmarks

View of the ancient temple of Apollo

Classical

The modern city is on the site of ancient Ambracia. Remains of the classic era include the ancient walls, the ruins of an ancient temple of Apollo, a small theatre, and remnants of the southwest cemetery.

Byzantine

The clocktower in front of the castle
View of the Byzantine castle

The town's fortifications were built by Michael I Komnenos Doukas in the early 13th century, but their present form is largely post-Byzantine. Secular architecture from the Byzantine period, including the palace of the Despots of Epirus, has vanished completely, but the city preserves numerous churches.[2]

The most important Byzantine church is the cathedral Church of the Paregoretissa, built ca. 1290 by Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas and his wife Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene. Other important churches of the late Byzantine period are the Church of the Kato Panagia, built by Nikephoros I's father Michael II Komnenos Doukas, and the Monastery of Saint Theodora, housing the tomb of the city's patron, Theodora of Arta.[2] Several other churches dating to the 9th and 10th centuries also survive in and around the city: Saint Basil of the Bridge, Saint Demetrios of Katsoures in Plisioi, the Panagia Blacherna monastery, the Panagia Vryoni in Neochoraki, the Red Church in Vourgareli, the Panagia of Koronisia in Koronisia and the Church of the Pantanassa in Filippiada.

Museums

Technological Educational Institute of Epirus

A building of the Technological Educational Institute of Epirus

The Technological Educational Institute of Epirus (T.E.I.) has a main campus and its administration seat in Arta and has branch campuses in the three other main cities of Epirus, Ioannina, Igoumenitsa and Preveza. It has four (4) Faculties and thirteen (13) Departments.

Transportation

Arta is located NNW of Antirrio, Messolongi and Agrinio, NE of Preveza, SSE of Ioannina and nearly SW of Trikala.

Regular bus lines connect Arta with all bigger Greek cities. (bus to Athens departs several times a day and trip takes about 5 hours)

The city is linked with the GR-5 (Antirrio - Ioannina) and the GR-30 which links with Peta and Trikala. The Arachthos River flows to the west with its reservoir lying directly to the north.

Municipality

Arta municipality

The present municipality Arta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):[4]

The municipality has an area of 457.248 km2, the municipal unit 47.493 km2.[5]

Quarters of Arta

Historical population

Year Municipal unit Municipality
1981 20,004 -
1991 23,710 -
2001 23,863 -
2011 27,330 43,166

Notable people

Ancient

The ancient king Pyrrhus of Epirus

Byzantine

Maximus the Greek

Modern

Professional sports

Handball

Basketball

Football

Volleyball

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gregory, Timothy E.; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Arta". In Kazhdan, Alexander. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  3. ↑ "Mean Arta Climatic Averages". Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  4. ↑ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
  5. ↑ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  6. ↑ Özdalga, Elisabeth (2005). Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy. Psychology Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-415-34164-6. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
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