Yuntang
| Yuntang | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Portrait of Yuntang | |||||
| Born | 17 October 1683 | ||||
| Died | 22 September 1726 (aged 42) | ||||
| Spouse |
Primary spouse: Lady Donggo Concubines: Lady Liu Lady Lang Lady Zhou Lady Zhu Lady Tong Lady Joogiya Lady Wanyan Lady Chen | ||||
| Issue |
Eldest daughter Second daughter Third daughter Fourth daughter Fifth daughter Hongzheng Hongzhang Sixth daughter Hongxiang Hongkuang Hongding Dongxi Sibao | ||||
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| House | House of Aisin-Gioro | ||||
| Father | Kangxi Emperor | ||||
| Mother | Consort Yi | ||||
| Yuntang | |||||||
| Chinese | 允禟 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Yintang | |||||||
| Chinese | 胤禟 | ||||||
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Yuntang (Manchu: ᠶᡡᠨ ᡨᠠᠩ, Chinese: 允禟, 17 October 1683 – 22 September 1726), born Yintang, was a Manchu prince of the Qing Dynasty. The ninth son of the Kangxi Emperor, Yuntang was a lifelong political ally of Yunsi, the eighth prince, who was the main political rival to the Yongzheng Emperor. He was imprisoned shortly after Yongzheng ascended the throne, banished from the imperial clan, and died under mysterious circumstances. He was rehabilitated posthumously under the Qianlong Emperor.
Biography
Early life
Yuntang was born Yintang (Manchu: ᠶᡳᠨ ᡨᠠᠩ, Chinese: 胤禟), and was Kangxi Emperor's ninth son. His mother was Consort Yi (宜妃 née Gorolo).[1]
Yintang was not considered to be one of Kangxi's favorite son,[1] but did manage to amass substantial wealth.[1]
Battle for the Throne
Kangxi had established his second son, Yinreng, as Crown Prince, but he was later stripped of that title twice, due to arrogance and violent behavior.[2] In both times, Yintang supported his brother, Yinsi, in his quest to become the Crown Prince.[1] In both instances, Yinsi did not become the Crown Prince. In fact, Yinreng became the last Crown Prince in Imperial Chinese history.
Yongzheng Emperor's Reign
When Kangxi died, his fourth son, Yinzheng, became Emperor, taking the regnal title Yongzheng. After Yongzheng's coronation, Yintang, along with all other surviving sons of Kangxi, changed his name to "Yuntang" to avoid naming taboo because the Chinese character for "Yin" (胤) in "Yintang" is the same as the one in the Yongzheng Emperor's personal name "Yinzhen" (胤禛).
In the same year that Yongzheng was enthroned, Yuntang was sent to the military garrison at Xining, and placed under the supervision of military general Nian Gengyao.[1] Yuntang was later stripped of his royal titles, banished from the imperial household, and forced to take the name "Seshe" (Manchu: ᠰᡝᠰᡥᡝ, Chinese: 塞思黑)[1]
Yuntang reportedly pleaded for Yongzheng to send him to a monastery, and live out his life as a monk. That plea was rejected by the Emperor.[3]
Yuntang was later imprisoned in Baoding, and died from an unspecified "abdominal illness".[4] However, there are speculations that Yuntang died from poisoning.[4]
Yuntang was posthumously readmitted to the Imperial Household, with the name "Yuntang" instead of "Seshe", during Qianlong Emperor's reign.[5]
Meaning of "Seshe"
"Seshe" is a Manchu language term that has traditionally been translated to "Dog" in Chinese.[4] However, there is some dispute as to whether that is an accurate translation. Some scholars suggest "Seshe" actually means "Shameless"[4] or "Annoying Fellow".[5]
Achievement
Yuntang has been viewed as a pioneer in the romanization of the Manchu Language. Yuntang is known to have ties with Portuguese missionary Joannes Mourão (Chinese: 穆景遠).[6] It is believed that Mourão provided Yuntang with literatures written in the Latin Alphabet, which allowed Yuntang to, around the year 1723, establish a basic Manchu language romanization system, allegedly as a secret code for communication between Yuntang and other supporters of Yunsi.[6]
While Paul Georg von Möllendorff's Möllendorff System is often seen as the first Manchu transliteration system, Yuntang's system predates Möllendorff's by over 150 years.[6]
Family
- Father: Kangxi Emperor
- Mother: Consort Yi (宜妃; d. 1733), from the Gorolo (郭絡羅) clan, daughter of Zuoling (佐領; a type of military commander) Sanguanbao (三官保).
- Spouses:
- Primary spouse: Lady Donggo (棟鄂氏), daughter of Qishi (七十).
- Concubines:
- Lady Liu (劉氏), daughter of Liu Da (劉大).
- Lady Lang (郎氏), daughter of Lang Tu (郎圖).
- Lady Zhou (周氏), daughter of Zhou Da (周大).
- Lady Zhu (朱氏), daughter of Zhu Da (朱大).
- Lady Tong (佟氏), daughter of Tong Da (佟大).
- Lady Joogiya (兆佳氏), daughter of Manaha (瑪納哈).
- Lady Wanyan (完顏氏), daughter of Wangda (王達).
- Lady Chen (陳氏), daughter of Chen Da (陳大).
Sons
| # | Name | Birth date | Death date | Mother | Wife | Concubine | Issue | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hongzheng (弘晸) | 12 December 1706 | 26 December 1787 | Lady Liu | Lady Nara (納喇氏), daughter of Imperial Secretary (尚書) Sheng'an (盛安) | Lady Yang (楊氏), daughter of Yang Da (楊大) | Eldest son: Shuosui (碩綏) Second son | Served as a Minister of Miscellaneous Affairs (散秩大臣) |
| 2 | Hongzhang (弘暲) | 29 March 1709 | 4 July 1756 | Lady Liu | Lady Gorolo (郭絡羅氏), daughter of Genteyi (根特宜) | Son: Shitai (世泰) | ||
| 3 | Hongxiang (弘相) | 20 February 1710 | 21 April 1739 | Lady Joogiya | Lady Zhang (張氏), daughter of Zhang Da (張大) | Unnamed son | ||
| 4 | Hongkuang (弘曠) | 15 December 1711 | 20 February 1737 | Lady Lang | ||||
| 5 | Hongding (弘鼎) | 19 December 1711 | 28 November 1782 | Lady Wanyan | 1. Lady Balinnamu (巴林訥穆氏), daughter of Chahar Province Administrator (察哈爾總管) Butan (布坦) 2. Lady Joogiya (兆佳氏), daughter of Qiwei (騎尉) Tanggutu (唐古圖) | Lady Liu (劉氏), daughter of Balang (巴朗) | Eldest son: Jixing (吉興) Second son: Yanrui (延瑞) Third son: Yanheng (延恆) Fourth son: Yingfu (穎福) Fifth son: Gengfu (庚福) Sixth son: Yongde (永德) Seventh son: Yonghui (永輝), Second Class Imperial Guard (二等侍衛) | Served as a Third Class Imperial Guard (三等侍衛) |
| 6 | Dongxi (棟喜) | 24 July 1719 | 19 January 1791 | Lady Zhu | Lady Penggiya 彭佳氏 | Eldest son: Zongyu (宗餘) Second son: Fucuntai (福存泰) Third son: Fubaotai (福保泰) Fourth son: Fuyouzhu (福佑住) Fifth son: Fuchen (福琛) | ||
| 7 | Sibao (四保) | 22 October 1719 | 12 April 1771 | Lady Zhou | Lady Jin (金氏), daughter of Chengzhu (誠住) | Eldest son: Guoxing'a (國星阿) Second son: Zhu'erhang'a (祝爾杭阿) | Served as an Imperial Guard (侍衛) but was stripped off his post. |
Daughters
The personal names of Yuntang's daughters are unknown.
| # | Birth date | Death date | Mother | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1701 | 1725 | Lady Wanyan | Sebutengwangbu (色卜騰旺布) of the Elutechuoluosi (厄魯特綽絡斯) clan, a Prince of the Second Rank (m. 1718) | |
| 2 | 1702 | 1741 | Lady Joogiya | Kanbu (侃布) of the Balin Borjigit (巴林博爾濟吉特) clan, a Prince of the Second Rank (m. 1719) | |
| 3 | 1704 | 1727 | Lady Wanyan | Yongfu (永福), an Imperial Guard (侍衛) (m. 1720) | |
| 4 | 1705 | 1726 | Lady Donggo | Zhao Shiyang (趙世揚) (m. 1721) | |
| 5 | 1706 | 1742 | Lady Joogiya | Sebuteng (色卜騰) (m. 1739) | |
| 6 | 1719 | 1767 | Lady Chen | Chen Bu (陳布; d. 1744) | Chen Bu died before they married, but she was regarded as Chen Bu's widow for the rest of her life. |
Ancestry
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See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Xia, Xin (12 October 2012). "揭秘康熙所有兒子們的下場 (Revealing The Ending Of All Of Kangxi's Sons)". Xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Huasheng Online (華聲在線). Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- ↑
- ↑ "弒兄屠弟狠絕懲貪：為何雍正一朝無官不清 (Massacring Brothers And Harshly Punishing Corrupt Officers: Why All Of Yongzheng's Court Officers Are Incorruptible)". Sina Taiwan (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 Wang, Ruifen. "康熙大帝17個兒子的生死命運 (The Fate Of Kangxi Emperor's 17 Sons)". CRI Online (in Chinese). Chinese Radio International. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- 1 2 Yu, Yuanxuan (28 January 2013). "【如是觀史】 阿其那與塞斯黑 (Looking At History: Acina and Seshe)". Merit Times (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- 1 2 3 Huake, Zhang. "允禟、穆景遠的滿文十九字頭解讀 (Deciphering Yuntang, Mourão's Manchurian 19 Letters)". Retrieved 29 July 2014.