Yemeni crisis reconciliation attempts

Yemeni crisis reconciliation attempts refers to the proposals and negotiations to pacify the Yemeni Crisis by arranging a power transfer scheme within the country and later cease-fire attempts within the raging civil war. While initially unsuccessful, the reconciliation efforts resulted with presidential elections, held in Yemen on February 2012. The violence in Yemen, however, continued during the elections and after, culminating in Houthi successful grip of power and the ensuing civil war.

Yemeni Revolution reconciliation

2011 mediation attempts

In April, the Gulf Co-operation Council attempted to mediate an end to the crisis, drafting several proposals for a transition of power. Toward the end of the month, Saleh signaled he would accept a plan that would see him leave power one month after signing and provided for a national unity government in the lead-up to elections.[1] Though some protesters ballyhooed the deal, criticizing provisions that granted the president immunity from prosecution and required the opposition to join with Saleh and his ministers in the national unity government,[2] opposition leaders eventually agreed to sign it.[3] By the end of the month, though, Saleh reversed course and the government announced he would not sign it, putting the GCC initiative on hold.[4][5]

In early May, officials again indicated that Saleh would sign the GCC deal, and the opposition agreed to sign as well if Saleh signed it personally in his capacity as president.[6] However, Saleh again backed away, saying the deal did not require his signature, and the opposition followed suit, accusing Saleh of negotiating in bad faith.[7] Protests and violence across the country intensified in the wake of this second reversal by Saleh.[8][9]

In late May, opposition leaders received assurances that Saleh would sign the GCC plan after all, and they signed the deal the day before the president was scheduled to ink it as well.[10] But Saleh once again decided not to sign, and a brief but tense standoff occurred on 22 May when Saleh's supporters surrounded the embassy building of the United Arab Emirates in Sana'a, trapping international diplomats (including the secretary-general of the GCC) inside until the government dispatched a helicopter to ferry them to the presidential palace.[11]

On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to Riyadh in Saudi Arabia to sign the Gulf Co-operation Council plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President Abdu-Rabbo Mansour al-Hadi within 30 days and formally step down by the 21 February 2012 presidential elections, in exchange of immunity from prosecution for him and his family.[12]

Saleh step-down agreement and elections

On 21 January 2012, the Assembly of Representatives of Yemen approved the immunity law. It also nominated Vice President Hadi as its candidate for the upcoming presidential election.[13] Saleh left Yemen on the next day to seek medical treatment in the United States, and is reportedly seeking exile in Oman.[14]

A presidential election was held in Yemen on 21 February 2012. With a report claims that it has 65 percent of its turnout, Hadi wons 99.8% of the vote. Abd Rabbuh Mansur al-Hadi was sworn in as president of Yemen on 25 February 2012, officially removing Saleh from power, who has ruled the country for 33-years. Saleh returned home at the same day to attend Hadi's presidency inauguration.[15]

Reconciliation process 2013-14

2015 Civil War cease fire attempts

May 2015 cease-fire

A five-day ceasefire proposed by Saudi Arabia was accepted by the Houthis and their allies in the military on 10 May 2015. The ceasefire was intended to allow the delivery of humanitarian aid to the country.[16] The temporary truce began on the night of 12 May to allow the delivery of food, water, medical, and fuel aid throughout the country.[17]

On the fourth day of the truce, the fragile peace unraveled as fighting broke out in multiple southern governorates. At least three civilians in Aden and 12 in Taiz were killed on 16 May, despite the ceasefire.[18] Agence France-Presse reported that "dozens" were killed in southern Yemen by the clashes, including 26 Houthi and 12 pro-Hadi fighters.[19]

Omani Initiative

Around this same time reports surfaced in the media suggesting that Oman, which is the only Middle Eastern Monarchy not taking part in the coalition and has a border with Yemen, has presented a 7-point plan to both Iran and Saudi Arabia. Oman has played a vital role as a bridge between Tehran and the West in the past to help in the nuclear negotiations and thus enjoy good relations with Iran as well as its GCC neighbors. It has also been suggested that Oman was responsible to mediate a 24-hour ceasefire although analaysts doubt if Oman can help bring about more rigid negotiations.[20][21]

The following parts constituted the planned initiative:

References

  1. Hatem, Mohammed; Carey, Glen (23 April 2011). "Yemen’s Saleh Agrees to Step Down in Exchange for Immunity, Official Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  2. Staff (22 April 2011). "Rival Camps Hold Protests in Yemen  Pro- and Anti-Government Demonstrators Hold Rallies as Saleh Gives Guarded Welcome to GCC Plan To Defuse Crisis". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  3. Staff (26 April 2011). "Scattered Yemen Protests Continue Despite Transition Accord". Voice of America. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  4. Staff (30 April 2011). "Reports: Saleh Refuses To Sign Exit Deal  Yemeni President Backs Wway from Signing Agreement Requiring Him To Give Up Power in Exchange for Legal Immunity". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  5. "Saleh Refusal Forces Yemen Deal Postponement". Al Jazeera English. 1 May 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  6. "Yemen's president, opposition to sign GCC power-transition deal in Sanaa: ministry". Xinhua. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
  7. "Saleh 'resists' as Thousands Rally in Yemen". Al Jazeera English. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  8. Greenberg, Joel (24 March 2011). "13 Reported Dead after Yemeni Forces Open Fire on Protesters". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  9. "Several Protesters Killed in Yemen Cities". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  10. "Yemeni opposition signs the Gulf-brokered deal". Xinhua. 22 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  11. Saleh Gunmen Hold Many Envoys Hostage At Uae Embassy In Sana’A
  12. "Saleh, Yemen’s great survivor, finally quits power". Khaleej Times. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  13. Kasinof, Laura (21 January 2012). "Yemen Legislators Approve Immunity for the President". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  14. Yemen Leader Leaves for Medical Care in New York
  15. "Yemen Swears In New President". The Wall Street Journal. 27 February 2012.
  16. "Yemen’s Houthi Rebels Accept Five-Day Truce Proposal". The Wall Street Journal. 10 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  17. "Yemen conflict: Aid effort begins as truce takes hold". BBC News. 13 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  18. Al-Haj, Ahmed (16 May 2015). "Fighting Rages in Yemen on 4th Day of Humanitarian Truce". ABC News. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  19. "South Yemen clashes kill dozens as ceasefire nears end". France 24. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  20. "Oman breaks from GCC on Yemen conflict". Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  21. Al-Araal-Jadeed staff. "Oman offers seven-point peace plan for Yemen". alaraby. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
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