Yasukuni Shrine

"Yasukuni" redirects here. For the film, see Yasukuni (film).
Yasukuni Shrine
靖国神社

The haiden (hall of worship)
Information
Type Chokusaisha
(Former bekkaku-kanpeisha)
Dedicated to Those who lost their lives while serving Japan
Founded June 1869
Founder(s) Emperor Meiji
Priest(s) Yasuhisa Tokugawa (徳川康久)
Reisai Shunki Reitaisai, Shuki Reitaisai
Honden style Shinmei-zukuri, Copper roofing (doubanbuki)
Address 3-1-1 Kudankita, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8246, Japan
Website www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/
Glossary of Shinto

Yasukuni Shrine (靖国神社 or 靖國神社 Yasukuni Jinja) is a Shinto shrine in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It was founded by Emperor Meiji and commemorates anyone who had died in service of the Empire of Japan, which existed from the Meiji Restoration of 1868 until the nation was renamed during the Allied occupation in 1947.[1] The shrine's purpose has been expanded over the years to include those who died in the wars involving Japan spanning from the entire Meiji and Taishō period, and lesser part of the Shōwa period.[2]

The shrine now lists the names, origins, birthdates, and places of death of 2,466,532 men, women and children, including 1,068 war criminals; 14 of whom are considered A-Class, leading to controversies. The Honden shrine commemorates anyone who died on behalf of the empire, including not only soldiers, relief workers, factory workers, and other citizens, but also those not of Japanese ethnicity such as Taiwanese and Koreans who served Japan.

The 11th and current Chief Priest of the shrine is Yasuhisa Tokugawa, who was appointed in January 2013.

History

Foundation for the dead in the Boshin War and Meiji Restoration

Tōkyō Shōkonsha in 1873

The site for the Yasukuni Shrine, originally named Tōkyō Shōkonsha (東京招魂社 "shrine to summon the souls"), was chosen by order of the Meiji Emperor.[3] The shrine was established in 1869, in the wake of the Boshin War, in order to honor the souls of those who died fighting for the Emperor. It initially served as the "apex" of a network of similar shrines throughout Japan that had originally been established for the souls of various feudal lords' retainers, and which continued to enshrine local individuals who died in the Emperor's service. Following the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion, the Emperor had 6,959 souls of war dead enshrined at Tōkyō Shōkonsha.[4] In 1879, the shrine was renamed Yasukuni Jinja. The name Yasukuni, quoted from the phrase 「吾以靖国也」 in the classical-era Chinese text Zuo Zhuan (Scroll 6, 23rd Year of Duke Xi), literally means "Pacifying the Nation" and was chosen by the Meiji Emperor.[5] The name is formally written as 靖國神社, using obsolete (pre-war) kyūjitai character forms.

From First Sino-Japanese War to Second Sino-Japanese War

The enshrinement of war dead at Yasukuni was transferred to military control in 1887. As the Empire of Japan expanded, Okinawans, Ainu, and Koreans were enshrined at Yasukuni alongside ethnic Japanese. Emperor Meiji refused to allow the enshrinement of Taiwanese due to the organized resistance that followed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, but Taiwanese were later admitted due to the need to conscript them during World War II.[4] In 1932, two Sophia University (Jochi Daigaku) students, who were Catholic refused visit to Yasukuni Shrine on the grounds that it was contrary to their religious convictions.[9] In 1936, the Society for the Propagation of the Faith (Propaganda Fide) of the Roman Curia issued the Instruction Pluries Instanterque,[10] and approved visits to Yasukuni Shrine as an expression of patriotic motive.[11] This response of the Catholic Church helped the University avoid a fateful crisis, but it meant its bowing down to the military power and control by Emperor system.

During World War II and the GHQ occupation period

By the 1930s, the military government sought centralized state control over memorialization of the war dead, giving Yasukuni a more central role. Enshrinements at Yasukuni were originally announced in the government's Official Gazette so that the souls could be treated as national heroes, but this practice ended in April 1944, and the identities of the spirits were subsequently concealed from the general public.[4] The shrine had a critical role in military and civilian morale during the war era as a symbol of dedication to the Emperor.[12] Enshrinement at Yasukuni signified meaning and nobility to those who died for their country. During the final days of the war, it was common for soldiers sent on kamikaze suicide missions to say that they would "meet again at Yasukuni" following their death.[13][14] After World War II, the US-led Occupation Authorities (known as GHQ) issued the Shinto Directive, which ordered the separation of church and state and forced Yasukuni Shrine to become either a secular government institution or a religious institution independent from the Japanese government. Yasukuni Shrine has been privately funded and operated since 1946, when it was elected to become an individual religious corporation independent of the Association of Shinto Shrines.[15][16] The GHQ planned to burn down the Yasukuni Shrine and build a dog race course in its place.[17] However, Father Bruno Bitter of the Roman Curia and Father Patrick Byrne of Maryknoll insisted to GHQ that honoring their war dead is the right and duty of citizens everywhere, and GHQ decided not to destroy the Yasukuni shrine.[11] Moreover, the Roman Curia reaffirmed the Instruction Pluries Instanterque in 1951.[10][11]

Post-war issues and controversies

The shrine authorities and the Ministry of Health and Welfare established a system in 1956 for the government to share information with the shrine regarding deceased war veterans. Most of Japan's war dead who were not already enshrined at Yasukuni were enshrined in this manner by April 1959.[13] War criminals prosecuted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East were initially excluded from enshrinement after the war.[13] Government authorities began considering their enshrinement, along with providing veterans' benefits to their survivors, following the signature of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951, and in 1954 directed some local memorial shrines to accept the enshrinement of war criminals from their area.[18] No convicted war criminals were enshrined at Yasukuni until after the parole of the last remaining incarcerated war criminals in 1958. The Health and Welfare Ministry began forwarding information on Class B and Class C war criminals (those not involved in the planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of the war) to Yasukuni Shrine in 1959, and these individuals were gradually enshrined between 1959 and 1967, often without permission from surviving family members.[13][18] Information on the fourteen most prominent Class A war criminals, which included the prime ministers and top generals from the war era, was forwarded to the shrine in 1966, and the shrine passed a resolution to enshrine these individuals in 1970. The timing for their enshrinement was left to the discretion of head priest Fujimaro Tsukuba, who delayed the enshrinement through his death in March 1978. His successor Nagayoshi Matsudaira, who rejected the Tokyo war crimes tribunal's verdicts, enshrined the Class A war criminals in a secret ceremony in 1978.[13] Emperor Hirohito, who visited the shrine as recently as 1975, was privately displeased with the action, and subsequently refused to visit the shrine.[19] The details of the enshrinement of war criminals eventually became public in 1979, but there was minimal controversy about the issue for several years.[13] No Emperor of Japan has visited Yasukuni since 1975, but the Emperor and Empress continue to attend the National Memorial Service for War Dead annually. Yasukuni Shrine's museum and web site have made statements criticizing the United States for "forcing" Japan to attack the United States in order to justify war with Japan, as well as claiming that Japan went to war with the intention of creating a "Co-Prosperity Sphere" for all Asians.[20] Critics allege that this rhetoric invokes the same arguments as propaganda created by the wartime regime.

Chronology

[6][7][8] See details on related controversy in Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine.

King of Thailand, King Rama VII (Prajadhipok)'s visit to the Yasukuni Shrine (May 1931)
Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh visiting Yasukuni Shrine (October 1931)
French Navy officers' visit to Yasukuni Shrine (May 1933)
The United States Navy officers' visit to Yasukuni Shrine(July 1933)
German Navy officers' visit to Yasukuni Shrine (March 1937)
Hitler Youth visit to Yasukuni Shrine (October 1938)
Eirei ni kotaeru Kai (Society for Honoring the Glorious War Dead) members (15 August 2001)

A January 2014 poll by the conservative-leaning Sankei Shimbun found that only 38.1% of respondents approved of the most recent visit by Abe, while 53% disapproved, a majority of whom cited harm to Japan's foreign relations as their reason. At the same time, over 60% of respondents said they were not personally convinced by Chinese, Korean and American criticism of the visit.[39]

Annual celebrations

The Mitama Festival at Yasukuni Shrine
Yasukuni Mitama Lanterns
Haiden with purple curtains in the Niinamesai

[49][50]

Enshrined deities

There are over 2,466,000 enshrined kami (deities) listed in the Yasukuni's Symbolic Registry of Divinities. This list includes soldiers, as well as women and students who were involved in relief operations in the battlefield or worked in factories for the war effort.[2] There are neither ashes nor spirit tablets in the shrine. Enshrinement is not exclusive to people of Japanese descent. Yasukuni Shrine has enshrined 27,863 Taiwanese and 21,181 Koreans.[51] Many more kami are enshrined at Chinreisha.[52]

Eligible categories

As a general rule, the enshrined are limited to military personnel who were killed while serving Japan during armed conflicts. Civilians who were killed during a war are not included, apart from a handful of exceptions. A deceased must fall into one of the following categories for enshrinement:

  1. Military personnel, and civilians serving for the military, who were:
    • killed in action, or died as a result of wounds or illnesses sustained while on duty outside the Home Islands (and within the Home Islands after September 1931)
    • missing and presumed to have died as a result of wounds or illnesses sustained while on duty
    • died as a result of war crime tribunals which have been ratified by the San Francisco Peace Treaty
  2. Civilians who participated in combat under the military and died from resulting wounds or illnesses (includes residents of Okinawa)
  3. Civilians who died, or are presumed to have died, in Soviet labor camps during and after the war
  4. Civilians who were officially mobilized or volunteered (such as factory workers, mobilized students, Japanese Red Cross nurses and anti air-raid volunteers) who were killed while on duty
  5. Crew who were killed aboard Merchant Navy vessels
  6. Crew who were killed due to the sinking of exchange ships (e.g. Awa Maru)
  7. Okinawan schoolchildren evacuees who were killed (e.g. the sinking of Tsushima Maru)
  8. Officials of the governing bodies of Karafuto Prefecture, Kwantung Leased Territory, Governor-General of Korea and Governor-General of Taiwan

Although new names of soldiers killed during World War II are added to the shrine list every year, no one who was killed due to conflicts after Japan signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty that formally ended World War II in 1951 has been qualified for enshrinement. Therefore, the shrine does not include members of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces which was established after the peace treaty.

Enshrinement is carried out unilaterally by the shrine without consultation of surviving family members and in some cases against the stated wishes of the family members. Some families from foreign countries such as South Korea have requested that their relatives be delisted on the grounds that enshrining someone against their beliefs in life constitutes an infringement of the Constitution.[53] The Yasukuni priesthood, however, has stated that once a kami is enshrined, it has been 'merged' with the other kami occupying the same seat and therefore cannot be separated.

Conflicts

Japan has participated in 16 other conflicts since the Boshin War in 1869. The following table chronologically lists the number of people enshrined as kami at the shrine (as of October 17, 2004) from each of these conflicts.

Conflict Description Year(s) Number of enshrined Notes
Boshin War and Meiji Restoration Japanese civil war 1867–1869 7,751 [54]
Satsuma Rebellion Japanese civil war 1877 6,971 [54]
Taiwan Expedition of 1874 Conflict with Paiwan people (Taiwanese aborigines) 1874 1,130 [54]
Ganghwa Island incident Conflict with Joseon Army 1875 2 [54][55]
Imo Incident Conflict with Joseon Rebel Army over Korea 1882 14 [56][57][58]
Gapsin Coup a failed 3-day coup d'état in the late Joseon Dynasty of Korea 1884 6 [54][59]
First Sino-Japanese War Conflict with Qing China over Korea 1894–95 13,619 [54]
Boxer Uprising Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China 1901 1,256 [54]
Russo-Japanese War Conflict with Russian Empire over Korea and Manchuria 1904–05 88,429 [54]
World War I Conflict with German Empire (Central Powers) over Mediterranean Sea and Shandong, a Chinese province 1914–1918 4,850 [54]
Battle of Qingshanli Conflict with the Korean Independence Army over Korea 1920 11 [54]
Jinan Incident Conflict with China (Kuomintang) over Jinan, a Chinese sub-provincial city 1928 185 [54]
Wushe Incident The last major uprising against colonial Japanese forces in Taiwan 1930 Unknown [54]
Nakamura Incident The extrajudicial killing of Imperial Japanese Army Captain Shintarō Nakamura and three others, on 27 June 1931 by Chinese soldiers in Manchuria 1931 19 [60]
Mukden Incident Leading to the occupation of Manchuria 1931–1937 17,176 [54][61]
Second Sino-Japanese War Conflict with China 1937–1941 191,250 [54][61]
World War II Pacific theatre
(including Indochina War[62])		 Conflict with the Allied forces and involvement in the Pacific theater (including Class A, B, & C War Criminals, and Forced labor of Japanese in the Soviet Union)
(Conflict with France[62])		 1941–1945
1945-		 2,133,915 [54][61]
  Total 2,466,584 [54]

The Yasukuni shrine does not include the Tokugawa shogunate's forces (particularly from the Aizu domain) or rebel forces who died during the Boshin War or Satsuma Rebellion because they are considered enemies of the emperor. They are enshrined at Chinreisha.[52] This exclusion, which includes the ancestors of former Chief Priest Toshiaki Nanbu (2004–2009), is deeply resented in both areas.

Precinct

Yasukuni Shrine's haiden

There are a multitude of facilities within the 6.25 hectare grounds of the shrine, as well as several structures along the 4 hectare causeway. Though other shrines in Japan also occupy large areas, Yasukuni is different because of its recent historical connections. The Yūshūkan museum is just the feature that differentiate Yasukuni from other Shinto shrines. The following lists describe many of these facilities and structures.

Shrine structures

On the shrine grounds, there are several important religious structures. The shrine's haiden, Yasukuni's main prayer hall where worshipers come to pray, was originally built in 1901 in styles of Irimoya-zukuri, Hirairi, and Doubanbuki (copper roofing) in order to allow patrons to pay their respects and make offerings. This building's roof was renovated in 1989. The white screens hanging off the ceiling are changed to purple ones on ceremonial occasions.[63]

The honden is the main shrine where Yasukuni's enshrined deities reside. Built in 1872 and refurbished in 1989, it is where the shrine's priests perform Shinto rituals. The building is generally closed to the public.[64]

The building located on the right side of haiden is the Sanshuden (参集殿) (Assembly Hall), which was rebuilt in 2004. Reception and waiting rooms are available for individuals and groups who wish to worship in the Main Shrine.[65]

The building located directly behind the Sanshuden is the Tochakuden (到着殿) (Reception Hall).[66]

The building located directly behind the honden is known as the Reijibo Hōanden (霊璽簿奉安殿) (Repository for the Symbolic Registers of Divinities) built in styles of Kirizuma-zukuri, Hirairi, and Doubanbuki. It houses the Symbolic Registry of Divinities (霊璽簿 Reijibo)—a handmade Japanese paper document that lists the names of all the kami enshrined and worshiped at Yasukuni Shrine. It was built of quakeproof concrete in 1972 with a private donation from Emperor Hirohito.[67]

In addition to Yasukuni's main shrine buildings, there are also two peripheral shrines located on the precinct. Motomiya (元宮) is a small shrine that was first established in Kyoto by sympathizers of the imperial loyalists that were killed during the early weeks of the civil war that erupted during the Meiji Restoration. Seventy years later, in 1931, it was moved directly south of Yasukuni Shrine's honden. Its name, Motomiya ("Original Shrine"), references the fact that it was essentially a prototype for the current Yasukuni Shrine.[68] The second peripheral shrine is the Chinreisha. This small shrine was constructed in 1965, directly south of the Motomiya. It is dedicated to those not enshrined in the honden—those killed by wars or incidents worldwide, regardless of nationality. It has a festival on July 13.[69]

Torii and Mon (gates)

There are several different torii and mon (門) gates located on both the causeway and shrine grounds. When moving through the grounds from east to west, the first torii visitors encounter is the Daiichi Torii (Ōtorii). This large steel structure was the largest torii in Japan when it was first erected in 1921 to mark the main entrance to the shrine.[70] It stands approximately 25 meters tall and 34 meters wide and is the first torii. The current iteration of this torii was erected in 1974 after the original was removed in 1943 due to weather damage.[71]

The Daini Torii (Seidō Ōtorii) is the second torii encountered on the westward walk to the shrine. It was erected in 1887 to replace a wooden one which had been erected earlier.[70] This is the largest bronze torii in Japan.[72] Immediately following the Daini Torii is the shinmon (神門). A 6-meter tall hinoki cypress gate, it was first built in 1934 and restored in 1994. Each of its two doors bears a Chrysanthemum Crest measuring 1.5 meters in diameter.[73] West of this gate is the Chumon Torii (中門鳥居) (Third Shrine Gate), the last torii visitors must pass underneath before reaching Yasukuni's haiden. It was recently rebuilt of cypress harvested in Saitama Prefecture in 2006.[74]

In addition to the three torii and one gate that lead to the main shrine complex, there are a few others that mark other entrances to the shrine grounds. The Ishi Torii is a large stone torii located on the south end of the main causeway. It was erected in 1932 and marks the entrance to the parking lots.[75] The Kitamon and Minamimon are two areas that mark the north and south entrances, respectively, into the Yasukuni Shrine complex. The Minamimon is marked by a small wooden gateway.

Torii and Mon (Gates)
Daiichi Torii (Great Gate)
Daini Torii
Shinmon
Chumon Torii

Memorials

Memorial Statues
Irei no Izumi Sculpture
Statue of War Widow with Children
Kamikaze Pilot Commemoration Statue
Ōmura Masujirō
Memorial Statues
Monument of Justice Radha Binod Pal
Horse Commemoration Statue
Carrier Pigeon Commemoration Statue
Dog Commemoration Statue
Memorial Statues
Hitachimaru Junnan Kinenhi

Other buildings and structures

Syagō Hyō
Nōgakudo
The nameboard of Nōgakudo
The entrance to the Yūshūkan

(from Kudanshita Station)

Shōkonsaitei
Kōuntei

List of priests

[6][7][8]

Guji (Chief priests)： Term of office

Gon-guji (associate chief priests)： term of office

Organization

Yasukuni shrine is an individual religious corporation and does not belong to the Association of Shinto Shrines.[103] Yasukuni shrine has departments listed below. The Gūji (宮司) controls the overall system, and the Gon-gūji (権宮司) assists the Gūji.[7]

  • Saimu-bu (祭務部)
    • Sōgi-ka (祭儀課)
    • Tyōsa-ka (調査課)
  • Sōmu-bu (総務部)
    • Sōmu-ka (総務課)
    • Jinji-ka (人事課)
    • Kanri-ka (管理課)
    • Kōhō-ka (広報課)
  • Sentoku-bu (宣徳部)
    • Sūkeihōsan-ka (崇敬奉賛課)
    • Sentoku-ka (宣徳課)
  • Keiri-bu (経理部)
    • Keiri-ka (経理課)
    • Jigyō-ka (事業課)
  • Yūshūkan-ka (遊就館部)
    • Shiryō-ka (史料課)
    • Tenji-ka (展示課)
    • Bunko-shitu (文庫室)
  • Syamu Jissyusei (社務実習生)


Cultural references to Yasukuni shrine

Bank notes

Postage stamps

Scenic postmarks

Popular music

Plays

Books

Posters

Japanese swords manufactured at Yasukuni Shrine

In 1933, Minister of War Sadao Araki founded the Nihon-tō Tanrenkai (日本刀鍛錬会, Japanese Sword Forging Association) in the grounds of the shrine to preserve old forging methods and promote Japan's samurai traditions, as well as to meet the huge demand for guntō (military swords) for officers. About 8,100 "Yasukuni swords" were manufactured in the grounds of the Yasukuni Shrine between 1933 and 1945.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "History". Yasukuni.or.jp. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  2. 1 2 "Deities". Yasukuni.or.jp. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  3. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1963). The Vicissitudes of Shinto, pp. 118–134.
  4. 1 2 3 Hiyama, Yukio (21 August 2013). "How Japan Honors Its War Dead: The Coexistence of Complementary Systems". Nippon.com. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  5. ↑ "Yomiuri Shimbun: 基礎からわかる靖国神社問題】Ｑ　戦前、戦後　どんな役割？" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  6. 1 2 3 Momoki Kamo (1912) 靖国神社誌(Yasukuni jinjashi).
  7. 1 2 3 4 Yasukuni Jinja hen (1983–87) 靖国神社百年史 全4卷、資料篇・事歴年表 (Yasukuni Jinja hyakunenshi : Shiryō hen, Volume 1-4).
  8. 1 2 3 "Author: Yasukuni Jinja, Yasukuni Jinja Shamusho (1973) 靖国神社略年表Yasukuni jinja ryakunenpyo".
  9. 1 2 A. Hamish Ion (February 1999). The Cross in the Dark Valley The Canadian Protestant Missionary Movement in the Japanese Empire, 1931–1945. ISBN 978-0-88920-294-8. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  10. 1 2 3 4 PDF, ACTES DE S.S.PIE XI, texte latin et traduction francaise, TOME XIV (Annee 1936), Instruction Pluries Instanterque, MAISON DE LA BONNE PRESSE, Paris. (Latin-French)
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "John Breen, "Popes, Bishops and War Criminals: reflections on Catholics and Yasukuni in post-war Japan　法皇、司教、戦犯−−戦後日本のカトリックと靖国"". japanfocus.org.
  12. ↑ Takahashi, Tetsuya (6 April 2007). "Yasukuni Shrine at the Heart of Japan's National Debate: History, Memory, Denial". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 27 December 2013. During Japan's colonial period the emperor was the sovereign and religious power, and commanded its armies. The populations of Japan and its colonies were all regarded as his servants, with a moral duty "to dedicate themselves to the emperor and the state in times of national crisis, with no regard for their own lives." Soldiers who died during these wars, which were considered holy, were an example to the nation and it was the responsibility of the Yasukuni shrine to raise military morale and foster the spiritual mobilisation of the nation for war.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Higurashi, Yoshinobu (25 November 2013). "Yasukuni and the Enshrinement of War Criminals". Nippon.com. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  14. ↑ Jeong, Nam-ku (7 September 2013). "Why do Japanese politicians continue to visit the Yasukuni Shrine?". The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 27 December 2013. The Japanese soldiers who fought in World War II willingly went to their death shouting "Long live the Emperor!" and they reminded each other that they would meet again at Yasukuni after they died. Hanging here and there from the cherry trees in the garden in front of Yushukan are wooden placards bearing the names of Japanese military units.
  15. ↑ Tetsuya, Takahashi. "Yasukuni Shrine at the Heart of Japan's National Debate". Japan Focus. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  16. ↑ Okuyama, Michiaki (2009). "THE YASUKUNI SHRINE PROBLEM IN THE EAST ASIAN CONTEXT: RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MODERN JAPAN: Foundation" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2014. As part of the reforms initiated by GHQ, in February 1946 some 86,000 of the total of approximately 106,000 Shinto Shrines were merged into Jinja Honcho (the Association of Shinto Shrines) to form a private religious corporation. ... Yasukuni Shrine, however, chose to become an individual religious corporation keeping itself apart from the Association of Shinto Shrines, on the ground that its function under the imperial regime had been completely different from other Shinto shrines. ... In November 1946, GHQ decided to allow that the precinct of national property where religious facilities were located to be transferred to each facility as a private organization, but this decision did not apply to Yasukuni Shrine and other militaristic shrines. It was only after the peace treaty was effectuated in 1952 that the status of Yasukuni Shrine as a private religious corporation was finally established.
  17. 1 2 "Deities at Yasukuni Shrine". THE KOREA TIMES. 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  18. 1 2 Sato, Jun (21 January 2012). "Documents show state led move to enshrine war criminals at Yasukuni". Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  19. ↑ "Hirohito quit Yasukuni Shrine visits over concerns about war criminals". New York Times. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  20. ↑ Hotta, Eri (2007). Pan-Asianism and Japan's war 1931-1945. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230601031. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
  21. 1 2 Zakowski, Karol (2012). "Reaction to Popular Pressure or a Political Tool? Different Interpretations of China's Policy Regarding Koizumi's Visits to the Yasukuni Shrine" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia 11 (2): 47–60.
  22. ↑ "Basic Position of the Government of Japan Regarding Prime Minister Koizumi's Visits to Yasukuni Shrine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. October 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2013. The Prime Minister has stated clearly that the purpose of his visits to the shrine is that he does not visit for the sake of the Class-A war criminals, and that Japan accepted the results of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. He has acknowledged that Japan, "through its colonial rule and aggression, caused tremendous damage and suffering to the people of many countries, particularly to those of Asian nations."
  23. ↑ "Chinese suspected of attack on Tokyo shrine's Web site". Taipei Times. 2005-01-07. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  24. ↑ "페이지를 찾을 수 없습니다". English.kbs.co.kr. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  25. ↑ "Taiwanese Politician Faces Charges Over Yasukuni Protest". Japan Probe. August 12, 2011.
  26. ↑ Chang, Mao-sen (August 12, 2011). "Tokyo police charge lawmaker May Chin with assault". Japan Probe (Staff Reporter in TOKYO). p. 1.
  27. ↑ "Warrant issued for Yasukuni arsonist". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  28. ↑ "Yasukuni fire suspect spouts gripe". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  29. ↑ "Yasukuni arson suspect leaves Seoul for China; Abe issues regret". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  30. ↑ "Free Uyghur (世界ウイグル会議 第4回代表大会開会式&懇親会)". Japanese Culture Channel Sakura. 2012-05-17.
  31. ↑
  32. ↑ "Tokyo's Yasukuni shrine 'in arson attack'". Telegraph. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  33. ↑ "Basic Position of the Government of Japan Regarding Prime Minister Koizumi's Visits to Yasukuni Shrine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2014-01-06. Statement by Prime Minister Abe "Pledge for everlasting peace"
  34. ↑ "Japanese prime minister visits Yasukuni war shrine". Mainichi Shimbun. 26 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  35. ↑ "Japanese Premier Visits Contentious War Shrine". The New York Times. 26 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  36. ↑ "Russia expresses regret over Abe's Yasukuni shrine visit". Mainichi Shimbun. 26 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  37. ↑ "Japanese prime minister visits Yasukuni war shrine". Mainichi Shimbun. 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  38. ↑ "Statement by Prime Minister Abe". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 26 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  39. ↑ "中韓米の靖国参拝批判、６割が「納得できない」　内閣支持率５０％台に回復". MSN産経ニュース. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014. 安倍首相が昨年１２月２６日、靖国神社に参拝したことについて「評価する」とした回答は３８・１％、「評価しない」は５３・０％だった。評価するとした人の７４・０％が「戦争の犠牲者に哀悼の意を示した」ことを理由に挙げた。評価しない人の理由は「外交的配慮に欠ける」が６１・９％に達した。ただ、首相の靖国神社参拝を中国や韓国が非難していることに対しては「納得できない」が６７・７％を占め、「納得できる」（２３・３％）を大きく上回った。米政府が「失望した」とする声明を出したことにも約６割が「納得できない」と回答した。
  40. ↑ "Justin Bieber apologizes for posting Tokyo war shrine photo". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  41. ↑ "Justin Bieber apologises for visiting Yasukuni Shrine in Japan: Site at centre of international row honours convicted WWII war criminals". Independent.co.uk. 23 April 2014.
  42. ↑ "Abe avoids war shrine to placate neighbours on WWII surrender anniversary". The Japan News.Net. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  43. ↑ "Explosion damages toilet at Japan's controversial shrine for war dead". www.reuters.com. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  44. ↑ "新年祭｜祭事のご案内｜靖国神社". yasukuni.or.jp.
  45. ↑ "春季例大祭｜祭事のご案内｜靖国神社". yasukuni.or.jp.
  46. ↑ Archived June 23, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ "みたままつり｜祭事のご案内｜靖国神社". yasukuni.or.jp.
  48. ↑ "秋季例大祭｜祭事のご案内｜靖国神社". yasukuni.or.jp.
  49. ↑ "祭事のご案内｜靖国神社". yasukuni.or.jp.
  50. ↑ "About Yasukuni Shrine│Yasukuni Shrine". yasukuni.or.jp.
  51. ↑ Nobumasa, Tanaka (2004-05-27). "Yasukuni Shrine and the Double Genocide of Taiwan's Indigenous Atayal: new court verdict". Znet. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  52. 1 2 "鎮霊社". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  53. ↑ "Suit filed over Korean soldiers enshrined at Yasukuni Shrine". 2001-06-29. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 靖国神社 (in Japanese). 2004-10-17. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  55. ↑ Designing History in East Asian Textbooks: Identity Politics and trannational aspirations. 2011. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  56. ↑ "国立公文書館 アジア歴史資料センター". jacar.go.jp.
  57. ↑ Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov, 1882 p.2 left p.6 left 陸軍外務両者上申故陸軍工兵中尉堀本禮造外二名並朝鮮国二於テ戦死ノ巡査及公使館雇ノ者等靖国神社ヘ合祀ノ事
  58. ↑ Japan Center for Asian Historical Record: Ref.A01100233700 同省朝鮮国日本公使館護衛隊ハ鎮守ニ等シキ勤労アルヲ以テ鎮戍ノ軍隊ニ准シ従軍年ニ加算セント請フ之ヲ允ス
  59. ↑ Japan Center for Asian Historical Record: Ref.A03023658800 『陸軍省稟告故磯林歩兵大尉外五名靖国神社ヘ合祀ノ件』 （国立公文書館>内閣>公文別録>公文別録>公文別録・朝鮮事変始末・明治十七年・第二巻・明治十七年）
  60. ↑ Japan Center for Asian Historical Record: Ref.C05021974300 『第1511号 7.4.23 靖国神社臨時大祭祭式次第書並に先着諸員の件（2）』（1932年（昭和7年）4月23日） （防衛省防衛研究所>海軍>海軍省公文備考類>昭和7年>公文備考 昭和7年 C 儀制 巻7）
  61. 1 2 3 Breen, John (2005-06-03). "Yasukuni Shrine: Ritual and Memory". Japan Focus. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  62. 1 2 Igawa, Sei (2005-10-10). "Japan-Vietnam relations, were based on the performance of Japanese volunteers in Vietnam Independence War" (PDF). Tokyo Foundation (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-09-06.
  63. ↑ "Haiden (Main Hall)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  64. ↑ "Honden (Main Shrine)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  65. ↑ "Sanshuden (Assembly Hall)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  66. ↑ "Tochakuden (Reception Hall)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  67. ↑ "Reijibo Hoanden (Repository for the Symbolic Registers of Divinities)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  68. ↑ "Motomiya(Original Shrine)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  69. ↑ "Chinreisha (Spirit-Pacifying Shrine)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  70. 1 2 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 130.
  71. ↑ "Daiichi Torii (First Shrine Gate or Great Gate)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  72. ↑ "Daini Torii (Second Shrine Gate)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  73. ↑ "Shinmon (Main Gate)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  74. ↑ "Chumon Torii (Third Shrine Gate)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  75. ↑ "Ishi Torii (Stone Shrine Gate)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  76. ↑ "Day 7 - Independent Activities". Japan Fulbright Memorial Fund. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  77. ↑ "Statue of War Widow with Children". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
  78. ↑ "Statue of Omura Masujiro". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  79. ↑ "Monument of Dr. Pal". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  80. ↑ "Dr. Manmohan Singh's banquet speech in honour of Japanese Prime Minister". Indian Prime Minister's Office. April 29, 2005. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
  81. ↑ "Statues honoring horses, carrier pigeons and dogs killed in war service". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  82. 1 2 3 4 "追悼・平和祈念のための記念碑等施設の 在り方を考える懇談会 （第２回）議事　（資料１－１、靖国神社について）". a round-table conference by Chief Cabinet Secretary. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
  83. ↑ "Otemizusha (Main Purification Front)". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
  84. ↑ "Dove cote". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  85. ↑ "Nōgakudo". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  86. ↑ "Shamusho". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  87. ↑ "Yasukuni Kaikan". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  88. ↑ "Yasukuni Kaikō Bunko". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  89. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 131–132.
  90. ↑ "Shinchi Teien". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  91. ↑ Yoshida, Takashi (2 December 2007). "Revising the Past, Complicating the Future: The Yushukan War Museum in Modern Japanese History". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 26 December 2013. The newly renovated Yushukan that opened in 2002 has two major goals: the first is to honor the war dead who sacrificed themselves for the state, and the second is to communicate an allegedly "true" history to counter the fact that Japanese education in the postwar era emphasized Japan's wartime wrongdoings. The museum articulates the position that the "Greater East Asian War" contributed to liberating Asia and that the war was not an act of imperialist aggression.
  92. ↑ "Shinchi Teien". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  93. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 129.
  94. ↑ "Sumo Ring". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  95. ↑ "Shōkonsaitei". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  96. ↑ "Seisentei". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  97. ↑ "Seisentei". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  98. ↑ "Kōuntei". Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  99. ↑ "Yasukuni shrine's top priest Toshiaki Nambu dies". Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  100. ↑ "New Yasukuni chief priest picked". Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  101. ↑ "New Head Priest of Controversial Yasukuni Shrine Appointed". Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  102. ↑ "靖国神社１１代宮司に徳川康久氏" [Yasuhisa Tokugawa named 11th Head Priest of Yasukuni Shrine]. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  103. ↑ "THE YASUKUNI SHRINE PROBLEM IN THE EAST ASIAN CONTEXT: RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MODERN JAPAN: Foundation" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2014.

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