Yang Xiu (Han dynasty)
| Yang Xiu | |
|---|---|
 A Qing Dynasty illustration of Yang Xiu | |
| Advisor of Cao Cao | |
| Born | 175 |
| Died | 219 (aged 43–44) |
| Names | |
| Traditional Chinese | 楊修 |
| Simplified Chinese | 杨修 |
| Pinyin | Yáng Xīu |
| Wade–Giles | Yang Hsiu |
| Courtesy name | Dezu (德祖) |
Yang Xiu (175–219), courtesy name Dezu, was an advisor to the warlord Cao Cao during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history.
Life
Yang Xiu was the son of the esteemed official Yang Biao and the grandson of Yang Ci. His mother, Lady Yuan, was Yuan Shu's sister. Yang Xiu served as Registrar to Cao Cao. Yang Xiu was executed in 219 for informing his friend Cao Zhi of a council's agenda so that he could prepare beforehand.
Sometime during the 200s, Yang Xiu was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt and became Registrar to Cao Cao, the Imperial Chancellor. He was said to have been skilled in both civil and military affairs and understood Cao Cao well. Because of this, Yang Xiu became an influential figure in the government.
He was a close friend of Cao Zhi and became involved in the fight between Cao Zhi and Cao Pi for succession. Yang Xiu's close links with Cao Zhi caused him misfortune during Cao Zhi's occasional misbehavior such as the incident in Ye city, where Cao Zhi drunkenly rode through the gate reserved for only the emperor. But the final blow was when Yang Xiu was discovered to have leaked the council's discussion agenda to Cao Zhi so that his friend could prepare beforehand and impress Cao Cao. Because of this and remembering his connection with Yuan Shu, Cao Cao had Yang Xiu executed.
After his death, Cao Cao reproached Yang Xiu's father Yang Biao, who had previously retired from politics, for showing sorrow at the death of his son, but Yang Biao refused to show remorse for his grief and continued to acknowledge his sadness.
Anecdotes
"Once, a garden door was built by some servants of Cao Cao. When he arrived, he did not talk to his servants about their work but instead wrote a character, "活", meaning "alive", on the door. Nobody could understand what Cao Cao meant by this, except Yang Xiu, who explained that, since, in Chinese, "門" means door, writing the character "活" inside a door forms the character "闊", which means "wide". Thus Cao Cao was indicating that he thought the door was too wide. The servants of Cao Cao then altered the garden door, and when Cao Cao heard that it was Yang Xiu alone who had understood his meaning, he became alerted of his talent.
Once, a nomadic tribe sent a box of cake to Cao Cao as a gift, who wrote the words "一合酥" on the box, which in English, means "a box of cake". However, when Yang Xiu saw it, he took out a spoon and shared the cake with the other followers of Cao Cao. Cao Cao, mystified, asked why, to which he replied, "My lord, you wrote the words 'A mouthful of cake for every man' on the box. How can we disobey your orders?" Since, in Chinese, the words "一合酥" can be separated into "一人一口酥", which translates thus. Cao Cao then became dissatisfied with Yang Xiu.
Another time, Cao Cao and Yang Xiu were riding on their horses and passed by the grave of Cao E (no relation to Cao Cao). On the gravestone were four sets of words, "huang juan (yellow silk fabric), you fu (young woman), wai sun (grandson), and ji jiu (powdering mortar)" (黄绢、幼妇、外孙、齑臼). Cao then asked Yang if he knew what those four sets of words meant, and Yang immediately began to answer. However Cao interrupted him and told him to wait until he has obtained the answer and then they can compare. After riding for another 30 li (approximately 15km), Cao finally understood the hidden meaning behind those words and asked Yang to share his insights and see if he got it correct. Yang then explained that "'huang juan (黄绢)' is a synonym for 'se si (色丝)' (which meant "coloured silk"). If you combine the character 'si 丝 (silk)' with 'se 色 (colour)', you get 'jue 绝 (absolute)'. 'You fu (幼妇)' is a synonym for 'shao nü 少女 (young woman)'. If you combine the character 'nü 女 (woman)' with 'shao 少 (young)', you get 'miao 妙 (wonderful)'. 'Wai sun (外孙)' is equivalent to 'nü er de er zi (女儿的儿子) (the son of the daughter)', if you combine take the two major characters out and combine 'nü 女 (woman, in this case means daughter)' with 'zi 子 (son)', you get 'hao 好 (good)'. 'Ji jiu (齑臼)' is basically 'shou wu xin zhi qi (受五辛之器) (a device which receives and grinds the five Chinese spices)'. If you take the two major characters out and combine 'shou 受 (takes, receives)' with 'xin 辛 (spice)', you get 'ci 辤 (refined), or in simplified Chinese the character 辞'. Combine the four characters and you get 'jue miao hao ci (绝妙好辞) (absolute, wonderful, good, refined)', which were used to praise Cáo É." This greatly impressed Cao Cao and he exclaimed that Yang was "30 li smarter than him".
In fiction
In Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao thinks Yang Xiu is too boastful and overconfident in his cleverness, and eventually kills him after what is known as the "chicken rib" incident. (When Cao Cao's army was at Hanzhong, preparing for battle, Cao Cao was brought some soup with chicken ribs in it and thoughtlessly muttered the word "chicken rib" a few times. Yang immediately thought he knew what Cao implied: he explained that "chicken rib" is a metaphor for "retreat" and told all generals to make the soldiers pack their bags and get ready to retreat. When Cao was alerted that Yang had given a false camp-wide signal, he was immensely angered and executed Yang.)
In an earlier chapter, Yang Xiu was described by Mi Heng as one of the two sole "talented" officials under Cao Cao (the other being Kong Rong). This however should be taken with a grain of salt, as Mi Heng's expressed opinions on other characters, as well as his own actions and the disaster that befell him because of them, make him appear as a poor judge of character.
See also
Notes
References
- Luo Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
- Rafe de Crespigny. A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD).
- Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian.