Yakovlev Yak-42

Yak-42
Centre-Avia Yak-42D in 2006
Role Narrow-body Jet airliner
Design group Yakovlev
Built by Saratov Aviation Plant
First flight 7 March 1975
Introduction 1980
Status Active service
Produced 1979–2003
Number built 185 (as of 1 January 1995)[1]
Developed from Yakovlev Yak-40

The Yakovlev Yak-42 (NATO reporting name: "Clobber") is a 100/120-seat three-engined mid-range passenger jet. It is the first airliner produced in the Soviet Union to be powered by modern high-bypass turbofan engines.[2]

Design and development

Yak-42 seen from behind with rear airstair deployed
Yakovlev Yak-42D of Lviv Airlines.

In 1972, the Yakovlev design bureau started work on a short to medium range airliner capable of carrying 100–120 passengers. It was intended to be a replacement for the Tupolev Tu-134 jet as well as the Ilyushin Il-18, Antonov An-24 and An-26 turboprop airliners. While the new airliner was required to operate out relatively small airfields while maintaining good economy, as many Soviet airports had been upgraded to accommodate more advanced aircraft, it did not have to have the same ability to operate from grass strips as Yakovlev's smaller Yak-40. The requirement resulted in the largest, heaviest and most powerful aircraft designed by Yakovlev so far.[3][4]

Initial design proposals included a straight-wing airliner powered by two Soloviev D-30 turbofans and resembling an enlarged Yak-40, but this was rejected as it was considered uncompetitive compared to Western airliners powered by high bypass ratio turbofans. Yakovlev settled on a design powered by three of the new Lotarev D-36 three-shaft high bypass turbofans, which were to provide 63.90 kN (14,330 lbf) of thrust. Unlike the Yak-40, the new airliner would have swept wings.[4][5]

The Yak-42 is a low-winged monoplane of all-metal construction, with a design lifespan of 30,000 one-hour flights.[6] It has a pressurised fuselage of circular section, with the cabin designed to carry 120 passengers in six abreast layout (or 100 passengers for local services with greater space allocated to carry-on luggage and coat stowage). The aircraft is flown by a flight crew of two pilots sitting side-by-side in a flight deck forward of the cabin. Access is via two airstairs, one in the underside of the rear fuselage, like that of the Yak-40, and one forward of the cabin on the port side. Two holds are located under the cabin, carrying baggage, cargo and mail.[7]

The wing layout underwent considerable revision during the design process, with the first prototype being built with a wing sweep of 11 degrees and the second prototype with a sweep of 23 degrees. After evaluation, the greater sweep of the second prototype was chosen for production. Early aircraft had a clean wing leading edge with no control surfaces, and plain trailing edge flaps. This changed in later aircraft, which were fitted with leading edge slats, with the trailing edge slats slotted.[6][7][8]

Two engines were mounted in pods on either side of the rear fuselage, with the third embedded inside the rear fuselage, fed with air via an "S-duct" air inlet. An auxiliary power unit (APU) is also fitted in the rear fuselage. No thrust reversers are fitted. The aircraft has a T-tail, with both the vertical fin and the horizontal surfaces swept.[7]

Operational history

Testing

The first of three prototypes, which was fitted with an 11-degree wing and registered CCCP-1974, made its maiden flight on 7 March 1975. It was followed by the second prototype, (CCCP-1975) with the 23-degree wing and a cabin with 20 rows of windows instead of 17 in the first prototype, and a third prototype (CCCP-1976) fitted with improved de-icing gear.[8][9]

In service

Aeroflot Yak-42 at the 1977 Paris Air Show

The first production aircraft was completed on 28 April 1978, with the first scheduled passenger flight, on the Aeroflot Moscow-Krasnodar route taking place on 22 December 1980. Production was at first slow, with only 10 flown by mid-1981. Initial aircraft were fitted for 120 seats in a three-plus-three arrangement. This was soon changed to a first class section with two-plus-two seating, and a main cabin with ninety six seats, giving a total of 104 seats.[10][11]

In its first year of operation Aeroflot's Yak-42s carried about 200,000 passengers, mainly on routes from Moscow, but also on international services from Leningrad to Helsinki and from Donetsk to Prague, with the type being planned to enter wider service throughout the Aeroflot fleet.[12] On 28 June 1982, however, the tailplane detached from an Aeroflot Yak-42 in flight owing to a failure of the actuator screw jack, causing the aircraft to crash fatally near Mazyr. The type was grounded as a result, not returning to service until October 1984.[13]

An export order for seven aircraft was announced in 1982 by Aviogenex of Yugoslavia, but the contract lapsed.[11] The availability of the longer-range Yak-42D variant from 1991 onwards gave rise to a few more export sales, to Cuba and China.[14] As of 1 January 1995 a total of 185 Yak-42 had been produced, including 105 Yak-42D.[1]

Variants

Yak-42

Original production version. Max take-off weight 54,000 kg (119,050 lb).[15]

Yak-42ML

Version with modified avionics for use on international use (mezhdunarodnyye linii – international services). Entered service in July 1981 on the Leningrad-Helsinki route.[13]

Yak-42D

Long-range version (Dahl'niy – long range) increased fuel. Replaced standard Yak-42 in production.[14]

Yak-142

Derivative of Yak-42D with updated, western AlliedSignal avionics, spoilers to allow faster descent and enlarged cabin door to accommodate jet bridge. Also designated Yak-42A, Yak-42-100 and Yak-42D-100.[16]

Yak-42R

Yak-42 used as testbed for radar for Yakovlev Yak-141 fighter.[1]

Yak-42F

Conversion of a Yak-42 for geophysical survey and environmental monitoring. Fitted with large underwing pods containing electro-optical sensors.[17]

Yak-42LL

Conversion as testbed for Progress D-236 propfan engine. Single D-236 (rated at 8,090 kW (10,850shp)) mounted in place of starboard engine, on special pylon to give sufficient clearance for 4.2 m (13 ft 9¾ in) propellers. First flew 15 March 1991.[1]

Yak-42M

A projected but unbuilt stretched airliner. Planned to be powered by three Progress D-436 turbofans, a stretched fuselage and new wings. Design developed into Yak-242.[18]

Yak-242

Further developed Yak-42M, with two underwing Aviadvigatel PS-90 turbofans. Design evolved into Irkut MC-21.[19]

Operators

As of July 2015, 34 Yak-42s remained in commercial airline service. Operators are Grozny Avia (8), Izhavia (7), Saravia (7), KrasAvia (5), Gazpromavia (4) and Tarco Airlines (3).[20]

Accidents and incidents

As of 2 February 2016, nine Yak-42 fatal accidents occurred with a total of 570 casualties.

Date Tail number Location Casualties Description Refs
28 June 1982 СССР-42529 Soviet Unionnear Mazyr 132/132 Aeroflot Flight 8641 lost control, entered a dive and broke apart in mid-air following failure of the jackscrew mechanism in the tail due to metal fatigue, caused by design flaws. All Yak-42's were grounded until the design defect was fixed. This is the deadliest Yak-42 crash, and the deadliest air crash in Belarus to date. [21]
1986 СССР-42536 Soviet UnionBykovo Airport 0 The aircraft was being used for security forces training when a thunderflash ignited the interior. The aircraft burned out. [22]
14 September 1990 СССР-42351 Soviet Unionnear Koltsovo Airport 4/129 Aeroflot Flight 8175 struck trees 1,700 m (5,600 ft) short of the runway and broke apart after the pilot intentionally deviated from the approach pattern during a late-night approach to Sverdlovsk in bound from Volgograd. [23][24]
31 July 1992 B-2755 ChinaNanjing Airport 108/126 China General Aviation Flight 7552 climbed to 60 m (200 ft), lost control and crashed into a pond 600 m (2,000 ft) past the runway. [25]
20 November 1993 RA-42390 Republic of Macedonianear Ohrid Airport 116/116 Avioimpex Flight 110 struck a mountain near Ohrid in bad weather. The flight diverted to Ohrid due to heavy snowfall at its intended destination of Skopje. The aircraft was attempting a second approach when it crashed. Macedonian investigators stated that the cause was an inoperable VOR beacon and pilot error, while Russia stated that a misunderstanding from ATC had caused the accident. The aircraft was leased from Saravia. [26]
17 December 1997 UR-42334 GreecePierian Mountains 70/70 Aerosvit Flight 241 struck Mount Pente Pigadia due to pilot error. The flight missed the ILS approach and performed a go-around. The aircraft did not perform the ILS approach procedure, heading south-southwest instead of north, striking the mountain at 3,300 ft (1,000 m). [27]
25 December 1999 CU-T1285 VenezuelaBejuma 22/22 Cubana de Aviación Flight 310 struck a hill on approach after the pilot radioed that he was descending from 8,000 ft (2,400 m) to 4,000 ft (1,200 m). [28]
26 May 2003 UR-42352 Turkeynear Trabzon 75/75 UM Airlines Flight 4230 struck a mountain in fog due to pilot error. 62 Spanish soldiers, members of the ISAF mission operating in Afghanistan, were among the dead. [29]
7 September 2011 RA-42434 Russianear Yaroslavl 44/45 Yak-Service Flight 9633 en route to Minsk from Yaroslavl carrying the KHL Russian hockey team Lokomotiv Yaroslavl. The aircraft stalled and crashed on takeoff due to pilot error. [30][31]

Specifications (Yak-42D)

Data from Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000.[15]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 198.
  2. ↑ Gunston, 1997
  3. ↑ Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 311.
  4. 1 2 Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 194.
  5. ↑ Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, pp. 311–312.
  6. 1 2 Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 195.
  7. 1 2 3 Taylor 1982, p. 241.
  8. 1 2 Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, pp. 312–314.
  9. ↑ Gunston and Gordon pp. 196–197.
  10. ↑ Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, pp. 314–315.
  11. 1 2 Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 197.
  12. ↑ Flight International 30 January 1982, p. 208.
  13. 1 2 Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 315.
  14. 1 2 Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 316.
  15. 1 2 Taylor 1999, pp. 227–228.
  16. ↑ Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, pp. 317–318.
  17. ↑ Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 318.
  18. ↑ Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, pp. 319–320.
  19. ↑ Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, pp. 320–321.
  20. ↑ "World Airliner Census" (PDF). Flight International. July 2015. p. 14. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  21. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-42529 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.
  22. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-42536 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.
  23. ↑ "Yak-42 crashes". CBC. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  24. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-42351 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.
  25. ↑ Accident description for B-2755 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.
  26. ↑ Accident description for RA-42390 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.
  27. ↑ Accident description for UR-42334 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.
  28. ↑ Accident description for CU-T1285 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.
  29. ↑ Accident description for UR-42352 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.
  30. ↑ "Top KHL squad killed in passenger plane crash in Russia". RT News. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  31. ↑ Accident description for RA-42434 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-02-02.

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