Xyleborus glabratus

Xyleborus glabratus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Curculionidae
Subfamily: Scolytinae
Genus: Xyleborus
Species: X. glabratus
Binomial name
Xyleborus glabratus
Eichhoff, 1877

The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is a type of ambrosia beetle invasive to the United States. It has been documented as carrying the fungus that causes laurel wilt, a disease that can kill several tree species in the Lauraceae family, including redbay and avocado.[1][2]

The beetle, first detected in the United States in 2002,[3] is native to Asia and may have arrived in wood products, packing materials or pallets. Laurel wilt has been found in South Carolina and Georgia, and notably in Florida, where it has reached as far south as Dade County[4][5][6] and as far west as Bay County.[7] In 2009, state officials in Mississippi confirmed the positive identification of the disease in Jackson County.[8][9] In 2011, it was confirmed as present in North Carolina and Alabama.[7]

Identification

Adult

The redbay ambrosia beetle is a small, black or amber-brown, cigar-shaped beetle under two millimeters in length. The dorsal surface is mostly hairless and shiny when compared to other ambrosia beetles.[10] They can be specifically identified by characters present on the elytral declivity, including its steep and convex shape when compared to other Xyleborus, and by the large size of indentations on the elytra.[11]

Larvae

The larvae of the beetle are similar in appearance to others of the group, developing as a white and legless "worm" with an amber-colored head capsule.[11]

Biology

The redbay ambrosia beetle is believed to originate from Asia or southeast Asia.[10] Males are haploid, smaller in size, and flightless. The beetle's biology is poorly documented, but presumed to be similar to that of other ambrosia beetles, with larvae and adults feeding on the symbiotic fungus it carries with it, and not the wood of the host tree. The spores of the fungus are carried in mycangia at the base of each mandible.

Larval development time takes from fifty to sixty days.[1] Studied populations increase steadily in size until late summer and early fall without distinct population peaks, leading researchers to believe that there are overlapping generations with year-round reproduction for the insect.[1]

History of Expansion

Laurel wilt can spread in at least two ways: one is via the beetle's natural reproduction and migration. A second way is through the sale and transport of beetle-infested wood, a result of redbay's use as firewood and for outdoor grilling.[9]

The beetle was first detected in the United States in 2002, in Port Wentworth, Georgia.[3][10] It has been suggested that this insect was introduced to the country on the wood of packing crates.[12] The significance of these detections became apparent when the beetle was linked to and identified as the vector of laurel wilt, a fungal disease that had been killing large numbers of redbay trees.[13] The fungus grows throughout the xylem of the tree, preventing the flow of water and nutrients throughout the plant. Death can occur from four to eleven weeks after inoculation.[14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Hanula, JL; Mayfield, AE; Fraedrich, SW; Rabaglia, RJ (2008). "Biology and host associations of Redbay Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), exotic vector of laurel wilt killing redbay trees in the southeastern United States.". Journal of Economic Entomology. 101(4):1276–1286.
  2. ↑ "Laurel Wilt". Gallery of Pests. Don't Move Firewood. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  3. 1 2 Rabaglia, R. (2005). "Exotic Forest Pest Information System for North America. Xyleborus glabratus.".
  4. ↑ Griffiths, KM and Derksen, AI. 2010. 2009 – 2010 Florida CAPS laurel wilt and redbay ambrosia beetle survey, 4th interim report. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. Gainesville, Florida. "Report No. 2010-01-LW-04." (PDF). p. 20.
  5. ↑ "Avocado-tree killing fungus found in Homestead". 2 August 2009.
  6. ↑ "Florida avocado disease confirmed". 5 August 2009.
  7. 1 2 "USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection, Southern Region. Laurel wilt distribution map.".
  8. ↑ "Officials spot 1st case of tree disease in Mississippi". Associated Press. 14 August 2009.
  9. 1 2 "Disease Killing Redbay Trees Makes First Appearance in Mississippi" (PDF). Mississippi Department of Agriculture. 12 August 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 Rabaglia, R. J.; Dole, S. A.; Cognato, A. I. (2006). "Review of American Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) occurring north of Mexico, with an illustrated key.". Annuals of the Entomological Society of America 99 (6): 1034–1056.
  11. 1 2 Rabaglia, R. (2008) [2003a]. "Exotic Forest Pest Information System for North America: Xyleborus glabratus". North American Forest Commission.
  12. ↑ Haack, R.A. (2003). "Intercepted Scolytidae (Coleoptera) at U.S. ports of entry: 1985–2000". Integrated Pest Management Reviews 6: 253–282 (2001).
  13. ↑ Fraedrich, S. W.; Harrington, T. C.; Rabaglia, R. J.; Ulyshen, M. D.; Mayfield III, A. E.; Hanula, J. L.; Eickwort, J. M.; Miller, D. R. (2008). "A fungal symbiont of the redbay ambrosia beetle causes a lethal wilt in redbay and other Lauraceae in the southeastern USA.". Plant Dis. (92): 215–224.
  14. ↑ Mayfield, AE; Pena, JE; Crane, JH; Smith, JA; Branch, CL; Ottoson, ED; Hughes, M. (2008). "Ability of the redbay ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculonidae: Scolytinae) to bore into young avocado (Lauraceae) plants and transmit the laurel wilt pathogen (Raffaelea sp.)". Florida Entomologist 91 (3): 485–487.

External links

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