Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iii, iv, vi
Reference	1004
UNESCO region	Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	2000 (24th Session)
Extensions	2003; 2004

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (simplified Chinese: 明清皇家陵寝; traditional Chinese: 明清皇家陵寢; pinyin: Míng Qīng Huángjiā Língqǐn) is the designation under which the UNESCO has included several tombs and burial complexes into the list of World Heritage Sites. These tombs date from the Ming and Qing dynasties of China.

Tombs were included in the list in 2000, 2003 and 2004. The property now includes the following tombs or tomb groups:

Serial ID No.	Tomb	Province	Location	Coordinates (dms.s)	Area (m²)	Buffer (m²)	Year inscribed
1004-001	Xianling Tomb	Hubei Province	Zhongxiang	N31 01 E112 39	876,000	2,264,000	2000
1004-002	Eastern Qing Tombs	Hebei Province	Zunhua	N41 11 E117 38	2,240,000	78,000,000	2000
1004-003	Western Qing Tombs	Hebei Province	Yixian County Baoding City	N39 20 E115 13	18,420,000	47,580,000	2000
1004-004	Ming Tombs	Beijing Municipality	Changping District	N40 16 10 E116 14 40	8,230,000	81,000,000	2003
1004-005	Xiaoling Tomb	Jiangsu Province	Nanjing City	N32 03 30 E118 51 07	1,160,000	1,800,000	2003
1004-006	Tomb of Chang Yuchun	Jiangsu Province	Nanjing City	N32 03 44 E118 49 54	9,800		2003
1004-007	Tomb of Qiu Cheng	Jiangsu Province	Nanjing City	N32 03 51 E118 49 59	5,500		2003
1004-008	Tomb of Wu Liang	Jiangsu Province	Nanjing City	N32 04 00 E118 49 51	4,000	1,800,000	2003
1004-009	Tomb of Wu Zhen	Jiangsu Province	Nanjing City	N32 04 05 E118 49 57	3,500		2003
1004-010	Tomb of Xu Da	Jiangsu Province	Nanjing City	N32 04 30 E118 50 06	8,500		2003
1004-011	Tomb of Li Wenzhong	Jiangsu Province	Nanjing City	N32 04 47 E118 50 23	8,700		2003
1004-012	Yongling Tomb of the Qing dynasty	Liaoning Province	Fushun City	41°42'36.4"N 124°48'08.8"E	2,365,900	13,439,400	2004
1004-013	Fuling Tomb of the Qing dynasty	Liaoning Province	Shenyang City	41°49'48.0"N 123°35'26.0"E	538,600	7,023,600	2004
1004-014	Zhaoling Tomb of the Qing dynasty	Liaoning Province	Shenyang City	41°51'09.1"N 123°25'39.0"E	478,900	3,187,400	2004
Total					34,379,400	234,294,400

2004 additions

The three Imperial tombs of the Qing dynasty in Liaoning Province include the Yongling tomb, the Fuling tomb, and the Zhaoling tomb, all built in the 17th century. Constructed for the founding emperors of the Qing dynasty and their ancestors, the tombs follow the precepts of traditional Chinese geomancy and fengshui theory. They feature rich decoration of stone statues and carvings and tiles with dragon motifs, illustrating the development of the funerary architecture of the Qing dynasty. The three tomb complexes, and their numerous edifices, combine traditions inherited from previous dynasties and new features of Manchu culture.

Ming imperial tombs not included in the list

Note that the UNESCO World Heritage site presently does not include the mausoleum complexes that the Hongwu Emperor had built for his ancestors, viz. the Ming Ancestors Mausoleum (Zuling) in Xuyi County, Jiangsu and the Huangling Mausoleum in Fengyang, Anhui.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mausoleums in China.

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties on the World Heritage Sites website
Advisory Body Evaluation (for the Liaoning Tombs, January 22, 2003)
Original Decision Document (October 29, 2004 - see p. 38, 39)
Locational Information: Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (for the sites listed in 2000 and 2003)

Ming dynasty topics

History	Red Turban Rebellion Ming conquest of Yunnan Ming military campaign against Naghachu Battle of Buyur Lake Jingnan Campaign Treasure voyages Ming–Turpan conflict Ming–Hồ War Ming–Kotte War Lam Sơn uprising Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols Rule of Ren and Xuan Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns Tumu Crisis Rebellion of Cao Qin Miao Rebellions Prince of Anhua rebellion Prince of Ning rebellion Malayan–Portuguese war Japanese missions to Ming China Ningbo Incident Great Rites Controversy Jiajing wokou raids Single whip law Japanese invasions of Korea Donglin movement Sino-Dutch conflicts Battle of Beijing Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Southern Ming

Government & Military	Emperor List Family tree Grand Secretariat Eastern Depot Imperial Clan Court Imperial Commissioner Grand coordinator Military conquests of the Ming dynasty Manchuria under Ming rule Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty Shenjiying Jinyiwei

Compilations & Documents	History of Yuan The Hundred-word Eulogy Huang Ming Zu Xun Yongle Encyclopedia Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty Ming Shilu Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)

Palaces and Mausoleums	Forbidden City Chaotian Palace Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Ming Ancestors Mausoleum Ming tombs Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Society & Culture	Ming poetry Ming dynasty painting Four Masters of the Ming dynasty Wu School Zhe school Chinese lacquerware table Ming presentation porcelain Covered jar with carp design Yongning Temple Stele Economy of the Ming dynasty Ming dynasty Tai history Islam during the Ming dynasty Tale of the Pipa Huolongjing Xingcha Shenglan Yingyai Shenglan Liao-Fan's Four Lessons Romance of the Three Kingdoms Journey to the West supplement The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt Compendium of Materia Medica A Book to Burn Caigentan Sancai Tuhui The Peony Pavilion Zihui Zhifang Waiji

Other topics	House of Zhu History of Ming Ming official headwear Ming Great Wall Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty Wokou

Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → N. & S. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Modern China

Qing dynasty topics

History	Seven Grievances First Manchu invasion of Korea Second Manchu invasion of Korea Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Great Clearance Revolt of the Three Feudatories Sino-Russian border conflicts Dzungar–Qing War Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Chinese Rites controversy Ten Great Campaigns Miao Rebellion (1735–36) Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa Sino-Nepalese War Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) White Lotus Rebellion First Opium War Sino-Sikh War Taiping Rebellion Nian Rebellion Red Turban Rebellion (1854–56) Miao Rebellion (1854–73) Nepalese–Tibetan War Panthay Rebellion Second Opium War Amur Acquisition Self-Strengthening Movement Dungan Revolt (1862–77) Mudan Incident (1871) Tianjin Massacre Margary Affair Northern Chinese Famine Qing reconquest of Xinjiang Sino-French War Sikkim Expedition Jindandao Incident First Sino-Japanese War Gongche Shangshu movement Dungan Revolt (1895–96) Hundred Days' Reform Boxer Rebellion Red Lanterns Eight-Nation Alliance New Policies British expedition to Tibet 1905 Tibetan Rebellion Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Railway Protection Movement Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang Manchu Restoration

Government	Emperor List Family tree Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Flag of the Qing dynasty Cup of Solid Gold Great Qing Legal Code Grand Council Imperial Household Department Imperial Clan Court Ministry of Posts and Communications Zongli Yamen Lifan Yuan Amban Imperial Commissioner Provincial governor Provincial military commander Nine Gates Infantry Commander Viceroys Zhili Shaan-Gan Liangjiang Huguang Sichuan Min-Zhe Liangguang Yun-Gui Three Northeast Provinces

Military	Military of the Qing dynasty Eight Banners Green Standard Army Ever Victorious Army Xiang Army Chu Army Huai Army Beiyang Army Wuwei Troop New Army Imperial Guards Brigade Peking Field Force Hushenying Shuishiying Qing dynasty in Inner Asia Manchuria under Qing rule Mongolia under Qing rule Administrative divisions Xinjiang under Qing rule General of Ili Tibet under Qing rule Golden Urn List of imperial residents Taiwan under Qing rule Provincial Administration Hall

Compilations & Documents	Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor Gujin Tushu Jicheng Kangxi Dictionary Peiwen Yunfu Quan Tangshi Treaty of Nerchinsk Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) Pentaglot Dictionary History of Ming Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao Researches on Manchu Origins Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol Qinding Xianfa Dagang Unequal treaty Treaty of Nanking Treaty of the Bogue Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Whampoa Treaty of Canton Treaty of Kulja Treaty of Aigun Treaty of Tientsin Convention of Tientsin Convention of Peking Treaty of Tarbagatai Burlingame Treaty Chefoo Convention Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking Treaty of Shimonoseki Li–Lobanov Treaty Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Boxer Protocol Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

Palaces & Mausoleums	Forbidden City Mukden Palace Summer Palace Old Summer Palace Chengde Mountain Resort Fuling Tomb Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Eastern Qing tombs Western Qing tombs

Society & Culture	Qing poetry Kaozheng Changzhou School of Thought Literary Inquisition Booi Aha Dibao Queue Qing official headwear Shamanism in the Qing dynasty Islam during the Qing dynasty Four Wangs Manchu Han Imperial Feast

Other topics	Manchu people Aisin Gioro Names of the Qing dynasty Draft History of Qing New Qing History Willow Palisade Chuang Guandong Canton System Treaty ports Anti-Qing sentiment Qing conquest theory Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty

Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → N. & S. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Modern China

Liaoning topics

Shenyang (capital)

General	History Politics Economy

Geography	Cities Changbai Mountains Qianshan Mountains Liao River Liaodong Peninsula

Education	Liaoning University Liaoning Normal University Northeastern University Dalian University

Culture	Cuisine Manchu People

Visitor attractions	Mukden Palace Early Qing Tombs Wunu Mountain City Anshan Jade Buddha Bijia Mountain Dalian

Category Commons

World Heritage Sites in China

East	Classical Gardens of Suzhou Fujian Tulou Lushan National Park Huangshan Mount Sanqing (Sanqingshan) Mount Tai (Taishan) Mount Wuyi (Wuyishan) Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and Kong Family Mansion, Qufu Ancient villages in Southern Anhui, Xidi, and Hongcun West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou

South Central	Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains Historic Centre of Macau Kaiping Diaolou and Villages Longmen Grottoes Historic Monuments of Dengfeng, including the Shaolin Monastery and Gaocheng Observatory Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area Yin Xu

Southwest	Chengjiang Fossil Site Dazu Rock Carvings Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, including the Jokhang and Norbulingka Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area Old Town of Lijiang Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas

North	Mount Wutai (Wutaishan) Chengde Mountain Resort and its outlying temples, including the Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Xumi Fushou Temple and the Puning Temple Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian Ancient City of Pingyao Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing Temple of Heaven, an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing Site of Xanadu Yungang Grottoes

Northeast	Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang

Northwest	Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Mogao Caves Xinjiang Tianshan

Multiple regions	The Great Wall China Danxia Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties South China Karst The Grand Canal Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor Tusi Sites

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