Madison Square

This article is about the square and park in Manhattan, New York City. For the current sports arena, see Madison Square Garden.

Coordinates: 40°44′31″N 73°59′17″W / 40.742054°N 73.987984°W / 40.742054; -73.987984

Snow-covered Madison Square Park at night, looking south (Dec. 2005)
The Flatiron Building from Madison Square (c. 1903)

Madison Square is formed by the intersection of Fifth Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The square was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United States.[1]

The focus of the square is Madison Square Park, a 6.2-acre (2.5-hectare)[2] public park, which is bounded on the east by Madison Avenue (which starts at the park's southeast corner at 23rd Street); on the south by 23rd Street; on the north by 26th Street; and on the west by Fifth Avenue and Broadway as they cross.

The park and the square are at the northern (uptown) end of the Flatiron District neighborhood of Manhattan. The use of "Madison Square" as a name for the neighborhood has fallen off, and it is rarely heard. The neighborhood to the north and west of the park is NoMad ("NOrth of MADison Square Park") and to the north and east is Rose Hill.

Madison Square is probably best known around the world for providing the name of Madison Square Garden, a sports arena and its successor which were located just northeast of the park for 47 years, until 1925. The current Madison Square Garden, the fourth such building, is not in the area. Notable buildings around Madison Square include the Flatiron Building, the Toy Center, the New York Life Building, the New York Merchandise Mart, the Appellate Division Courthouse, the Met Life Tower, and One Madison Park, a 50-story condominium tower.[3]

Madison Square can be reached on the New York City Subway via local service on the BMT Broadway Line (N Q R trains) at the 23rd Street station. In addition, local stops on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4 6 <6> trains) and IND Sixth Avenue Line (F M trains) are one block away at Park Avenue South and Sixth Avenue, respectively.[4][5]

Early history of the area

"Madison Cottage", also known as "Corporal Thompson's Roadhouse"[6] at Fifth Avenue and 23rd Street, in 1852

The area where Madison Square is now had been a swampy hunting ground, and first came into use as a public space in 1686. It was a Potter's Field in the 1700s.[7] In 1807, "The Parade", a tract of about 240 acres (97.12 hectares) from 23rd to 34th Streets and Third to Seventh Avenues, was set aside for use as an arsenal, a barracks, and a drilling area.[8] There was a United States Army arsenal there from 1811 until 1825 when it became the New York House of Refuge for the Society for the Protection of Juvenile Delinquents, for children under sixteen committed by the courts for indefinite periods. In 1839 the building was destroyed by fire.[1][9][10] The size of the tract was reduced in 1814 to 90 acres (36.42 hectares), and it received its current name.[8]

In 1839, a farmhouse located at what is now Fifth Avenue and 23rd Street was turned into a roadhouse under the direction of William "Corporal" Thompson (1807–1872), who later renamed it "Madison Cottage", after the former president. This house was the last stop for people travelling northward out of the city, or the first stop for those arriving from the north. Though Madison Cottage itself was razed in 1853 to make room first for Franconi's Roman Hippodrome[6] and then for the Fifth Avenue Hotel,[11] Madison Cottage ultimately gave rise to the names for the adjacent avenue (Madison Avenue) and park, which are therefore only indirectly named after President James Madison.

The roots of the New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, one of the first professional baseball teams, are in Madison Square. Amateur players began in 1842 to use a vacant sandlot at 27th and Madison for their games and, eventually, Alexander Cartwright suggested they draw up rules for the game and start a professional club. When they lost their sandlot to development, they moved to Hoboken, where they played their first game in 1846.[1][10]

The Fifth Avenue Hotel in 1860; the state of Madison Square Park can be seen in the right foreground

Opening of the park

On May 10, 1847 Madison Square Park opened to the public.[8] Within a few years, the tide of residential development, which was relentlessly moving uptown, had reached the Madison Square area, and through the 1870s, the neighborhood became an aristocratic one of brownstone row houses and mansions where the elite of the city lived; Theodore Roosevelt, Edith Wharton and Winston Churchill's mother, Jennie Jerome, were all born here.[1][8] In 1853, plans had been made to build the Crystal Palace there, but strong public opposition and protests caused the palace to be relocated to Bryant Park.

The Fifth Avenue Hotel, a luxury hotel built by developer Amos Eno, and initially known as "Eno's Folly" because it was so far away from the hotel district, stood on the west side of Madison Square from 1859 to 1908. The first hotel in the city with elevators, which were steam-operated and known as the "vertical railroad", it had fireplaces in every bedroom, private bathrooms, and public rooms which saw many elegant events. Notable visitors to the hotel included Mark Twain, famed Swedish singer Jenny Lind, U.S. Presidents Chester A. Arthur and Ulysses S. Grant and the Prince of Wales.

With the success of the hotel, which could house 800 guests, other grand hotels such as the Hoffman House, the Brunswick and the Victoria, opened in the surrounding area, as did entertainment venues such as the Madison Square Theatre and Chickering Hall and many private clubs.[9] When the center of the expanding city moved north by the turn of the century, and the neighborhood had become a commercial district and was no longer fashionable, the hotel was closed and demolished. A plaque on the building currently on the site, the Toy Center, commemorates the hotel.[1]

Worth Monument

When the Draft Riots hit New York in 1863, ten thousand Federal troops brought in to control the rioters were bivouacked in Madison Square and Washington Square, as well as Stuyvesant Square.[10] Madison Square was also the site in November 1864 of a political rally, complete with torchlight parade and fireworks, in support of the Presidential candidacy of Democrat General George B. McClellan, who was running against his old boss, Abraham Lincoln. It was larger than the Republican parade the night before, which had marched from Madison Square to Union Square to rally there.[10]

Worth Square

At the northern end of Madison Square, on an island bordered by Broadway, Fifth Avenue and 25th Street, stands an obelisk, designed by James G. Batterson[12] which was erected in 1857 over the tomb of General William Jenkins Worth, who served in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican War,[1] and for whom Fort Worth, Texas was named, as well as Worth Street in lower Manhattan.[13] The city's Parks Department designated the area immediately around the monument as a parklet called General Worth Square.[14]

Worth's monument was one of the first to be erected in a city park since the statue of George III was removed from Bowling Green in 1776,[15] and is the only monument in the city except for Grant's Tomb that doubles as a mausoleum.

Arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty in Madison Square Park between 1876 and 1882
The Met Life Tower in 1911
The 1918 Victory Arch
The second Madison Square Garden, designed by Stanford White

Renewal

With the commercialization of the neighborhood, elite residents moved farther uptown, away from Madison Square, enabling more restaurants, theatres and clubs to open up in the neighborhood, creating an entertainment district, albeit an upscale one where society balls and banquets were held in restaurants such as Delmonico's. Nearby, huge dry-goods emporia such as Siegel-Cooper in the Ladies' Mile district brought daytime crowds of shoppers.[16] No longer primarily residential, Madison Square was still a thriving area.

Madison Square Park was relandscaped in 1870 by William Grant and Ignatz Pilat,[12] a former assistant to Frederick Law Olmsted. The new design brought in the sculptures that now reside in the park. One notable sculpture is the seated bronze portrait of Secretary of State William H. Seward, by Randolph Rogers (1876), which sits at the southwest entrance to the park. Seward, who is best remembered for purchasing Alaska ("Seward's Folly") from Russia, was the first New Yorker to have a monument erected in his honor.

Other statues in the park depict Roscoe Conkling, who served in Congress in both the House and the Senate, and who collapsed at that spot in the park while walking home from his office during the Blizzard of 1888, after refusing to pay a cab $50 for the ride;[17] Chester Alan Arthur, the twenty-first President of the United States; and David Farragut, who is supposed to have said "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead" in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War. The Farragut Memorial (1881), which was first erected at Fifth Avenue and 26th Street and moved to the Square's northern end in 1935,[18] was designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens (sculpture) and architect Stanford White (base). Along the south edge of the park of is the Eternal Light Flagstaff, dedicated on Armistice Day 1923 and restored in 2002, which commemorates the return of American soldiers and sailors from World War I.

Another park highlight is the granite Southern Fountain, a modern reproduction of the original fountain, which was first located on the site of the Old Post Office. It was completed in 1843, before being rededicated in the park in 1867.[19] The modern replacement was installed in 1990, and renovated in 2015.[20][21]

Madison Square continued to be a focus of public activities for the city. In the 1870s, developer Amos Eno's Cumberland apartment building, which stood on 22nd Street where the Flatiron Building would eventually be built, had four-stories of its back wall facing Madison Square, so Eno rented it out to advertisers, including the New York Times, who installed a sign made up of electric lights. Eno later put a canvas screen on the wall, and projected images on it from a magic lantern on top of one of his smaller buildings on the lot, presenting both advertisements and interesting pictures in alternation. Both the Times and the New York Tribune began using the screen for news bulletins, and on election nights crowds of tens of thousands of people would gather in Madison Square, waiting for the latest results.[22]

In 1876 a large celebration was held in Madison Square Park to honor the centennial of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and from 1876 to 1882, the torch and arm of the Statue of Liberty were exhibited in the park in an effort to raise funds for building the pedestal of the statue.

Madison Square was the site of some of the first electric street lighting in the city. In 1879 the city authorized the Brush Electric Light Company to build a generating station at 25th Street, powered by steam, that provided electricity for a series of arc lights which were installed on Broadway between Union Square (at 14th Street) and Madison Square. The lights were illuminated on 20 December 1880. A year later, 160-foot (49 m) "sun towers" with clusters of arc lights were erected in Union and Madison Squares.[10]

The area around Madison Square continued to be commercially fashionable. In 1883, art dealer Thomas Kirby and two others established a salon "for the Encouragement and Promotion of American art" on the south side of the Square. Their American Art Association auction rooms, the first auction house in the US, quickly became the place to go in New York to buy and sell jewelry, antiquities, fine art and rare books.[23]

Ceremonial arches

To celebrate the centennial of George Washington's first inauguration in 1889, two temporary arches were erected over Fifth Avenue and 23rd and 26th Streets. Just ten years later, in 1899, the Dewey Arch was built over Fifth Avenue and 24th Street at Madison Square for the parade in honor of Admiral George Dewey, celebrating his victory in the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines the year before. The arch was intended to be temporary, but remained in place until 1901 when efforts to have the arch rebuilt in stone failed, and it was demolished.

Fifteen years passed, and in 1918 Mayor John F. Hylan had a Victory Arch built at about the same location to honor the city's war dead. Thomas Hastings designed a triple arch which cost $80,000 and was modeled after the Arch of Constantine in Rome. Once again, a bid to make the arch permanent failed.[24]

Madison Square Garden

The building that became the first Madison Square Garden at 26th Street and Madison Avenue was built in 1832 as the passenger depot of the New York and Harlem Rail Road,[25] and was later used by the New York and New Haven Railroad as well; both were owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt.[26] When the depot moved uptown in 1871 to Grand Central Depot, the building stood vacant until 1873, when it was leased to P.T. Barnum[25] who converted it into the open-air "Hippodrome" for circus performances. In 1875 it was sub-let to the noted band leader Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore, who filled the space with trees, flowers and fountains and named it "Gilmore's Concert Garden". Gilmore's band of 100 musicians played 150 consecutive concerts there, and continued to perform in the Garden for two years. After he gave up his sub-let, others presented marathon races, temperance and revival meetings, balls, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show (1877), as well as boxing "exhibitions" or "illustrated lectures", since competitive boxing matches were illegal at the time. It was finally renamed "Madison Square Garden" in 1879 by William Kissam Vanderbilt, the son of Commodore Vanderbilt, who continued to present sporting events, the National Horse Show, and more boxing, including bouts by John L. Sullivan that drew huge crowds. Vanderbilt eventually sold what Harper's Weekly called his "patched-up grimy, drafty combustible, old shell" to a syndicate that included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, James Stillman and W. W. Astor.[10][27]

The building that replaced it was a Beaux-Arts structure designed by the noted architect Stanford White. White kept an apartment in the building, and was shot dead in the Garden's rooftop restaurant by millionaire Harry K. Thaw over an affair White had with Thaw's wife, the well-known actress Evelyn Nesbit, who White seduced when she was 16. The resulting sensational press coverage of the scandal caused Thaw's trial to be one of the first Trials of the Century.

Madison Square became known as "Diana's little wooded park" after the huge bronze statue of the Roman goddess Diana by Augustus Saint-Gaudens that stood atop the 32-story tower of White's arena – at the time it was the second-tallest building in the city.

The Garden hosted the annual French Ball, both the Barnum and the Ringling Brothers circuses, orchestral performances, light operas and romantic comedies, and the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which nominated John W. Davis after 103 ballots, but it was never a financial success.[10] It was torn down soon after, and the venue moved uptown. Today, the arena retains its name, even though it is no longer located in the area of Madison Square.

20th century

The park was the site of an unusual public protest in 1901. Oscar Spate, a displaced Londoner, convinced the Parks Commissioner, George Clausen, to allow him to pay the city $500 a year to put 200 cushioned rocking chairs in Madison Square Park, Union Square and Central Park and charge the public 5 cents for their use. Free benches were moved away from shaded areas, and Spate's chairs replaced them. When a heat wave hit the city in July, people in Madison Park refused to pay the nickel that was now required to sit in the shade. The police became involved, and newspapers like The Sun and William Randolph Hearst's Evening Journal took up the cause. People began going to the park with the intent of sitting and refusing to pay, and a riot occurred involving a thousand men and boys, who chased the chairs' attendant out of the park and overturned and broke up chairs and benches. The police were called, but the disturbance nevertheless continued for several days. On July 11, Clausen annulled the city's 5-year contract with Spate – whose real name was Reginald Seymour – prompting a celebration with bands and fireworks in Madison Square Park attended by 10,000 people. Spate went to court and got a preliminary injunction against Clausen's breaking of the contract, but the judge refused to allow him to force the public to pay. The Evening Journal followed by asking for an injunction against pay chairs, and when this was granted Spate gave up. He sold the chairs to Wanamaker's, where they were advertised as "Historic Chairs".[28]

Two months later, in September, the Seventy-first Regiment Band played "Nearer, My God, to Thee" in the park as recognition of the death by assassination of President William McKinley. The hymn had been McKinley's favorite.[29]

Christmas tree in Madison Square Park, c.1912

In 1908, the New York Herald installed a giant searchlight among the girders of the Metropolitan Life Tower to signal election results. A northward beam signaled a win for the Republican candidate, and a southward beam for the Democrat. The beam went north, signaling the victory of Republican William Howard Taft.

America's first community Christmas tree was illuminated in Madison Square Park on December 24, 1912, an event which is commemorated by the illuminated Star of Hope on a tall pole, installed in 1916 at the southern end of the park.[30] Today the Madison Square Park Conservancy continues to present an annual tree-lighting ceremony sponsored by local businesses.

Author Willa Cather described Madison Square around 1915 in her novel My Mortal Enemy (1926):

Madison Square was then at the parting of the ways; had a double personality, half commercial, half social, with shops to the south and residences to the north. It seemed to me so neat, after the raggedness of our Western cities; so protected by good manners and courtesy – like an open-air drawing-room. I could well imagine a winter dancing party being given there, or a reception for some distinguished European visitor.[31]

In 1936, to commemorate the centennial of the opening of Madison Avenue, the Fifth Avenue Association donated an oak from Montpelier, the Virginia estate of former president James Madison. It is located toward the center of the eastern perimeter of the park.

The Flatiron Building seen from Madison Square Park (April 2003)

The New York City Department of Traffic announced a plan in 1964 to build a parking garage underneath the park, much like the Boston Common, Union Square in San Francisco and MacArthur Park in Los Angeles. The plan was successfully blocked by preservationists, who cited concerns about the damage that the excavation would cause to the park, particularly the roots of its many trees.[32][33]

On October 17, 1966, a fire at 7 East 23rd Street, resulted in the second most deadly building collapse in the history of the New York City Fire Department, when 12 firefighters – two chiefs, two lieutenants, and eight firefighters – were killed, the department's greatest loss of life before the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.[34] A plaque honoring them can be seen on the apartment building currently occupying the site, Madison Green.

Current status

By the middle of the 20th century, it was widely recognized that the park needed to be restored and renovated.[35] Efforts began in 1979 with a privately funded program to clean up and maintain the park, the first time that non-public funding was used in New York City for long-term work in the city's parks.[35] Then, in November 1986, ground was broken on what was to become the full-scale restoration of the park. Phase one of the project, involving the north end of the park and Worth Square, was completed in 1988, and included the addition of a playground in the northeast corner. Phase two was to have begun in November 1987, but never got started, leaving the south end of the park unrestored for 11 years.[35]

In 1997, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation asked the City Parks Foundation to organize an effort to raise funds to complete the revitalization. Their "Campaign for the New Madison Square Park" lead, in fits and starts between 1998 and 2001, to the renovation and restoration of the south end of the park, the addition of a dog run and the return of 1,200 square feet (110 m2) to the southeast corner.[35] An outgrowth of the fund-raising campaign was the formation of Madison Square Park Conservancy,[36] a public-private partnership whose mission is to keep it "a bright, beautiful and active public park."[37]

One amenity, added to the park in July 2004, is the Shake Shack, a popular permanent stand that serves hamburgers, hot dogs, shakes and other similar food, as well as wine. Its distinctive building, which was designed by Sculpture in the Environment, an architectural and environmental design firm based in Lower Manhattan, sits near the southeast entrance to the park.

The neighborhoods around Madison Square have changed frequently, and continue to do so. Around the park and to the south is the Flatiron District, an area that, since the 1980s, has changed from a primarily commercial district with many photographer's studios – located there because of the relatively cheap rents – into a prime residential area. Rose Hill is to the north and east of the park, while NoMad is to the north and Chelsea is to the west. Within the area, Madison Avenue continues to be primarily a business district, while Broadway just north of the square holds many small "wholesale" and import shops. The area west of the square remains mostly commercial, but with many residential structures being built.

One Madison Park in the background, with the Met Life Tower with its landmark clock, Metropolitan Life North Building and the black New York Merchandise Mart in the foreground

In 1989, the city's Landmarks Preservation Commission created the Ladies' Mile Historic District to protect and preserve the area. Additionally, in 2001, the Madison Square North Historic District for the area north and west of the park,[38] in the neighborhood that since 1999 has been referred to as NoMad ("NOrth of MADison Square Park ").[39][40][41]

Buildings

On the south end of Madison Square, southwest of the park, is the Flatiron Building, one of the oldest of the original New York skyscrapers, and just to east at 1 Madison Avenue is the Met Life Tower, built in 1909 and the tallest building in the world until 1913, when the Woolworth Building was completed.[42] It is now occupied by Credit Suisse since MetLife moved their headquarters to the PanAm Building. The 700-foot (210 m) marble clock tower of this building dominates the park. The Met Life Tower absorbed the site of the architecturally distinguished 1854 building of the former Madison Square Presbyterian Church designed by architect Richard Upjohn on the southeast corner of 24th Street, while the Metropolitan Life North Building replaced the 1906 replacement church on the northeast corner of 24th Street and Madison designed by Stanford White and demolished in 1919.[43]

Nearby, on Madison Avenue between 26th and 27th Streets, on the site of the old Madison Square Garden, is the New York Life Building, built in 1928 and designed by Cass Gilbert, with a square tower topped by a striking gilded pyramid. Also of note is the statuary adorning the Appellate Division Courthouse of the New York State Supreme Court on Madison Avenue at 25th Street.

One Madison Park, a new 50-story residential condominium tower, is located at 22 East 23rd Street, at the foot of Madison Avenue across from the park.[44] Down the block to the west, on the southeast corner of Broadway and 23rd Street, with the address of 5 East 22nd Street, is the Madison Green condominium apartment tower. While not architecturally notable, the building is significant as one of the first signs that the area was rebounding. The 31-story building was first announced in the mid-1970s, but was not constructed until 1982.[45][46] On the other side of the Flatiron Building from Madison Green, at the southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 23rd Street, is Henry J. Hardenbergh's Western Union Telegraph Building, one of the first commercial buildings in the area. It was completed in 1884, the same year his Dakota Apartment Building was finished.[47]

Gallery

  1. ^ "Madison Square Renovation" Delta Fountains
  2. ^ "Search: Fountain" Madison Square PArk Conservancy. Quote: "The design of the Southern Fountain is based on the original Victorian fountain installed in the park in the 1860."

See also

Sidewalk clock at 200 Fifth Avenue (1909)[12]
Landmarked historic cast-iron street lamppost[48]

References

An 1857 real estate map of the Madison Square area. Notice the New York and Harlem Rail Road and New York and New Haven Railroad depot at Madison and 26th Street, where Madison Square Garden would later be built.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mendelsohn (1995)
  2. ↑ Event Horizon: Mad. Sq. Art.: Antony Gormley installation guide published by the Madison Square Park Conservancy
  3. ↑ Ouroussoff, Nicolai. "Near-Empty Tower Still Holds Hope", The New York Times, June 28, 2010. Accessed November 18, 2010.
  4. ↑ MTA Manhattan Bus Map
  5. ↑ "About the Park" on the Madison Square Park Conservancy website
  6. 1 2 Federal Writers' Project. (1939) New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-403-02921-X (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City), p.207
  7. ↑ "Walking Off the Big Apple: Madison Square Part 1" on the Manhattan User's Guide website. Accessed:2011-02-15
  8. 1 2 3 4 Mendelsohn (1998), p.13
  9. 1 2 Patterson
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Burrows & Wallace
  11. ↑ History of the International Toy Center (archive.org 2001/02/17)
  12. 1 2 3 White & Willensky
  13. ↑ Moscow
  14. ↑ "General Worth Square" on the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation website
  15. ↑ "Parks for a New Metropolis" on the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation website
  16. ↑ Mendelsohn (1998), p.14
  17. ↑ "The Blizzard of 1888's Most Famous Victim: Roscoe Conkling" on the Paul Rush New York Stories website (January 11, 2009). Accessed:2011-02-15
  18. ↑ Walsh, Kevin. Forgotten New York: Views of a Lost Metropolis New York: Collins, 2006. p.167 ISBN 0060754001
  19. ↑ "Madison Square Park: Madison Square Fountain". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  20. ↑
  21. ↑
  22. ↑ Alexiou, pp. 26-29
  23. ↑ Burrows & Wallace, p.1081
  24. ↑ Gray, Christopher (September 4, 1994). "Readers' Questions; Gargoyles, the Guggenheim, Cantilevered Balconies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  25. 1 2 Berman, p.69
  26. ↑ Burrows & Wallace, p.944
  27. ↑ "Madison Square Garden I at Ballpark.com
  28. ↑ Alexiou, pp.67-73
  29. ↑ Alexiou, p.83
  30. ↑ "Madison Square Park: Star of Hope" on the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation website
  31. ↑ Cather, Willa. My Mortal Enemy (1926) at Project Gutenberg of Australia
  32. ↑ Silver, Nathan, Lost New York (1968) ISBN 0-618-05475-8
  33. ↑ Alexiou, p.268
  34. ↑ O'Donnell, Michelle. "Oct. 17, 1966, When 12 Firemen Died", the New York Times, October 17, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2010.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Berman, pp.30-33
  36. ↑ "Park History" on the Madison Square Park Conservancy website
  37. ↑ "Mission" on the Madison Square Park Conservancy website
  38. ↑ NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission "Madison Square North Historic District Designation Report"
  39. ↑ Louie, Elaine (August 5, 1999). "The Trendy Discover NoMad Land, And Move In". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  40. ↑ Feirstein, Sanna. Naming New York: Manhattan Places and How They Got Their Names. New York: New York University Press (2001), p. 103
  41. ↑ Sternbergh, Adam (April 11, 2010). "Soho. Nolita. Dumbo. NoMad?". New York. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  42. ↑ Staff. "Met Life Tower Named A New York Landmark", The New York Times (June 14, 1989). Accessed November 18, 2010.
  43. ↑ Staff. "Raze Parkhurst Church; Famous Piece of Architecture Making Way for Office Building", The New York Times (May 6, 1919). Accessed November 18, 2010.
  44. ↑ Rubinstein, Dana (March 9, 2010). "In the Shadow of the Boom". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  45. ↑ Alexiou, pp. 268-269
  46. ↑ "Madison Green - 5 East 22nd Street" on the City Realty website. Accessed:2011-02-17
  47. ↑ White & Willensky, pp.197-198
  48. ↑ New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, p.190

Bibliography

External links

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