Wolf Totem

Wolf Totem

Cover of the first edition
Author	Jiang Rong (pseudonym)
Original title	狼图腾 (Láng Túténg)
Country	China
Language	Chinese and has been translated into more than 30 languages
Genre	Novel
Publisher	Changjiang Literature and Arts Publishing House
Publication date	April 2004
Media type	Print (Paperback)
ISBN	7-5354-2730-8
OCLC	55622937
LC Class	PL2942.3.A44 L36 2004

Wolf Totem is a 2004 Chinese semi-autobiographical novel about the experiences of a young student from Beijing who finds himself sent to the countryside of Inner Mongolia in 1967, at the height of China's Cultural Revolution.^[1] The author, Lü Jiamin, wrote the book under the pseudonym Jiang Rong; his true identity did not become publicly known until several years after the book's publication.^[2]

Themes

Wolf Totem is narrated by the main character, Chen Zhen, a Chinese man in his late twenties who, like the author, left his home in Beijing, China to work in Inner Mongolia during the Cultural Revolution.^[3] Through descriptions of folk traditions, rituals, and life on the steppe, Wolf Totem compares the culture of the ethnic Mongolian nomads and the Han Chinese farmers in the area. According to some interpretations, the book praises the "freedom, independence, respect, unyielding before hardship, teamwork and competition" of the former and criticizes the "Confucian-inspired culture" of the latter, which was "sheep-like".^[1] The book condemns the agricultural collectivisation imposed on the nomads by the settlers, and the ecological disasters it caused, and ends with a 60-page "call to action" disconnected from the main thread of the novel.^[4]

The author has said he was inspired to begin writing Wolf Totem by accident: he ignored the advice of the clan chief of the group of nomads with whom he was staying, and accidentally stumbled across a pack of wolves. Terrified, he watched as the wolves chased a herd of sheep off a cliff, then dragged their corpses into a cave. From then on, fascinated by the wolves, he began to study them and their relationship with the nomads more closely, and even attempted to domesticate one.^[4]

Marketing

Wolf Totem exhibited strong sales almost immediately after its release, selling 50,000 copies in two weeks; pirated editions began to appear five days after the book first appeared on shelves.^[5] By March 2006, it had sold over four million copies in China, and had been broadcast in audiobook format in twelve parts during prime time on China Radio International.^[4] Jiang released a children's edition of the book in July 2005, cut down to roughly one-third the length.^[4][6][7]

Despite the author's refusal to participate in marketing the book, deals for adaptations of the novel into other media and translations into other languages have set financial records.^[8] Penguin Books paid US$100,000 for the worldwide English rights, setting a record for the highest amount paid for the translation rights to a Chinese book; an unspecified Tokyo publisher paid US$300,000 for the rights to publish a manga adaptation, and Bertelsmann bought the German-language rights for €20,000.^[4] The author has said that he believes that "in the West they may understand [my book] more fully" than in China.^[6]

Other writers took advantage of the author's anonymity to write fake sequels to Wolf Totem, including two books titled Wolf Totem 2, as well as Great Wolf of the Plains,^[9] all with the imprint of the Changjiang Arts Publishing House. As a result, in April 2007, the author issued a statement that denounced all such "sequels" as fraudulent; he indicated that he was doing research for another book, but would not be publishing anything new in the short term.^[10]

Critical reaction

Despite Jiang's stated refusal to attend any awards ceremonies or participate in any publicity, Wolf Totem has received more than 10 literary prizes, as well as other recognitions, including:^[4]

• Named as one of the "Ten Best Chinese-language Books of 2004" by international newsweekly Yazhou Zhoukan^[11]
• Nominee for the 2nd "21st Century Ding Jun Semiannual Literary Prize" in 2005^[12]
• Recipient of the first Man Asian Literary Prize, November 2007^[13]

Criticism

Wolf Totem has also been the subject of criticism. German sinologist Wolfgang Kubin described the book as "fascist" for its depiction and treatment of the farmers.^[14] Pankaj Mishra, reviewing the English translation for The New York Times, described Jiang's writing as "full of set-piece didacticism."^[15]

The Mongolian writer Guo Xuebo(郭雪波) who studies Mongolian literature and history for long time said that wolf never becomes the totem of ethnic Mongolian,on the contrary, wolf is the biggest menace for their survival on Sina Weibo on 18 February 2015, but he was questioned by many netizens.On February 25, he wrote a open letter, condemning the novel and the film "humiliate the ancestry of Mongolian, distort the history and culture of Mongolian,and hurt the feelings of Mongolian."^[16][17]On 20 January 2016,Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences(内蒙古社会科学院),the leading academic and research institution in Inner Mongolia, confirmed that the wolf totem does not exist in ethnic Mongolian's belief.The institution found that the presence of the remains of the ancient Mongolian totem worship in varying degrees among some tribes in ethnic Mongolian, but there is no unified ethnic totem for Mongolian people.It concluded after a wide range of fieldwork from April until July 2015 in Inner Mongolia.^[18]

English translations

• First edition: Jiang, Rong (April 2004), 《狼图腾》, Wuchang, Hubei: Changjiang Arts Publishing House, ISBN 7-5354-2730-8 
• Jiang, Rong; Goldblatt, Howard (translator) (2008-03-27), Wolf Totem, Penguin, ISBN 1-59420-156-0 ^[19]

Film adaptation

Wolf Totem is a 2015 Chinese-language film based on the novel. Directed by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud, the Chinese-French co-production features a Chinese student who is sent to Inner Mongolia to teach shepherds and instead learns about the wolf population, which is under threat by a government apparatchik.

The Beijing Forbidden City Film Corporation initially sought to hire a Chinese director, but filming humans with real wolves was considered too difficult. New Zealand director Peter Jackson was approached, but production did not take place. Annaud, whose 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet is banned in China, was hired despite the history. The film was produced by China Film Group and French-based Reperage. The French director, who had worked with animals on other films, acquired a dozen wolf pups in China and had them trained for several years by a Canadian animal trainer. With a production budget of US$40 million, Annaud filmed Wolf Totem in Inner Mongolia, where the book is set, for over a year.

The film premiered at the European Film Market on February 7, 2015. It is scheduled to be released in China on February 19, 2015, for the start of the Chinese New Year, and in France on February 25, 2015.

See also

• Zhang Chengzhi, a senior of Jiang's at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences who was also sent down to Ujimqin Banner during the Cultural Revolution and rose to fame through his writings about Inner Mongolia
• Tengger, the Mongolian sky-god discussed in the novel

References