Murder of Kitty Genovese

Coordinates: 40°42′33.98″N 73°49′48.76″W / 40.7094389°N 73.8302111°W / 40.7094389; -73.8302111

Catherine "Kitty" Genovese
Genovese circa 1964
Born	Catherine Susan Genovese (1935-07-07)July 7, 1935 Brooklyn, New York City[1]
Died	March 13, 1964(1964-03-13) (aged 28) Kew Gardens, Queens New York City[2]
Cause of death	Homicide by stabbing
Resting place	Lakeview Cemetery New Canaan, Connecticut
Nationality	American
Education	Prospect Heights High School
Occupation	Manager
Employer	Ev's Eleventh Hour Club Hollis, Queens New York City
Known for	New York Times article about her murder
Partner(s)	Mary Ann Zielonko

Catherine Susan "Kitty" Genovese (July 7, 1935^[1] – March 13, 1964) was a New York City woman who was stabbed to death outside her apartment building in Kew Gardens, a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City, on March 13, 1964.^[3]

Reports of the attack in The New York Times conveyed a scene of indifference from neighbors who failed to come to Genovese's aid; thirty-seven or thirty-eight witnesses supposedly saw or heard the attack and did not call the police. The incident prompted inquiries into what became known as the bystander effect or "Genovese syndrome".^[4] Some researchers have questioned this version of events, offering alternative explanations as to why neighbors failed to intervene, and suggesting that the actual number of witnesses was far fewer than reported.

Genovese's attacker, a Queens native named Winston Moseley, was arrested during a house burglary several days after the attack; and he confessed to the murder while in custody, along with the murders and sexual assaults of two other women. At his trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to be executed, which was later reduced to life imprisonment. As of 2016, he is still in prison.

Life

Born in New York City to Rachel (née Giordano) and Vincent Andronelle Genovese, Kitty was the eldest of five children in a lower-middle-class Italian American family and was raised in Park Slope, Brooklyn. After Rachel witnessed a murder in the city, the family moved to Connecticut in 1954. Genovese, 19 at the time and a recent graduate of Prospect Heights High School in Brooklyn, chose to remain in the city, where she had lived for nine years. At the time of her death, she was working as a bar manager at Ev's Eleventh Hour Sports Bar on Jamaica Avenue and 193rd Street in Hollis, Queens.^[5][6][7] She shared her Kew Gardens apartment at 82-70 Austin Street with her romantic partner Mary Ann Zielonko.^[8][9]

Attack

Genovese had driven home from her job early in the morning of March 13, 1964. Arriving home at about 3:15 a.m., she parked in the Long Island Rail Road parking lot about 100 feet (30 m) from her apartment's door, located in an alleyway at the rear of the building. As she walked toward the building, she was approached by Moseley.^[2] Frightened, Genovese began to run across the parking lot and toward the front of her building located at 82-70 Austin Street, trying to make it up to the corner toward the major thoroughfare of Lefferts Boulevard, Moseley ran after her, quickly overtook her, and stabbed her twice in the back. When later confessing, Moseley said that his motive for the attack was simply "to kill a woman". Genovese screamed, "Oh my God, he stabbed me! Help me!" Several neighbors heard her cry but, on a cold night with the windows closed, only a few of them recognized the sound as a cry for help. When Robert Mozer, one of the neighbors, shouted at the attacker "Let that girl alone!"^[10] Moseley ran away and Genovese slowly made her way toward the rear entrance of her apartment building.^[11] She was seriously injured, but now out of view of any witnesses.^[10]

Records of the earliest calls to police are unclear and were not given a high priority by the police. One witness said his father called police after the initial attack and reported that a woman was "beat up, but got up and was staggering around".^[12]

Other witnesses observed Moseley enter his car and drive away, only to return ten minutes later. In his car, he changed to a wide-brimmed hat to shadow his face. He systematically searched the parking lot, train station, and an apartment complex. Eventually, he found Genovese, who was lying, barely conscious, in a hallway at the back of the building where a locked doorway had prevented her from entering the building.^[13] Out of view of the street and of those who may have heard or seen any sign of the original attack, Moseley proceeded to further attack Genovese, stabbing her several more times. Knife wounds in her hands suggested that she attempted to defend herself from him. While Genovese lay dying, Moseley raped her. He stole about $49 from her and left her in the hallway.^[10] The attacks spanned approximately half an hour. Afterwards, "Genovese, still alive, lay in the arms of a neighbor named Sophia Farrar, who had courageously left her apartment to go to the crime scene, even though she had no way of knowing that [Moseley] had fled."^[14]

A few minutes after the final attack, a witness, Karl Ross, called the police. Police arrived within minutes of Ross' call. Genovese was taken away by ambulance at 4:15 a.m. and died en route to the hospital. She was buried in a family grave at Lakeview Cemetery in New Canaan, Connecticut.^[15]

Later investigation by police and prosecutors revealed that approximately a dozen (but almost certainly not the 38 cited in the Times article) individuals nearby had heard or observed portions of the attack, though none saw or was aware of the entire incident.^[16] Only one witness, Joseph Fink, was aware she was stabbed in the first attack, and only Karl Ross was aware of it in the second attack. Many were entirely unaware that an assault or homicide was in progress; some thought what they saw or heard was a lovers' quarrel, a drunken brawl, or a group of friends leaving the bar when Moseley first approached Genovese.^[11]

Perpetrator

Winston Moseley
Booking photograph (April 1, 1964)
Born	(1935-03-02) March 2, 1935
Residence	Clinton Correctional Facility in Clinton County, New York
Nationality	American
Occupation	Remington Rand machine operator
Criminal charge	Murder A1 (degree-less prior to September 1, 1974 in State of New York) Robbery (second degree) Attempted kidnapping (second degree)
Criminal penalty	Death reduced to life imprisonment plus two 15-year sentences
Criminal status	Incarcerated
Conviction(s)	Murder

Winston Moseley (born March 2, 1935),^[17] at that time a 29-year-old man from South Ozone Park, Queens,^[18] was apprehended by police during a house burglary six days after Genovese's murder. At the time of his arrest, Moseley was working as a "Remington Rand tab operator", had no prior criminal record, and was married with two children.^[19]

While in custody, Moseley confessed to killing Genovese. He detailed the attack, corroborating the physical evidence at the scene. Moseley said he preferred to kill women because: "they were easier and didn't fight back". Moseley stated that he got up that night around 2 a.m., leaving his wife asleep at home, and drove around to find a victim. He spied Genovese and followed her to the parking lot.^[20] He also confessed to murdering and sexually assaulting two other women and to committing "30 to 40" burglaries.^[19] Subsequent psychiatric examinations suggested that Moseley was a necrophile.^[21][22]

Moseley committed another series of crimes when he escaped from custody on March 18, 1968, for which he received two additional 15-year sentences. As of November 2015, he remains in prison.^[23] aged 80 at the time of his most recent parole hearing, he is one of the longest serving inmates in the New York State prison system.^[24]

Trial

Moseley's trial began on June 8, 1964 and was presided over by Judge J. Irwin Shapiro. Moseley initially pleaded not guilty, but his attorney later changed Moseley's plea to not guilty by reason of insanity.^[25] On Thursday, June 11, Moseley's attorney called him to testify in hopes that Moseley's testimony would convince the jury that he was "a schizophrenic personality and legally insane". During his testimony, Moseley described the events on the night he murdered Genovese, along with the two other murders to which he had confessed and numerous other burglaries and rapes. The jury deliberated for seven hours before returning a guilty verdict on June 11 at around 10:30 p.m.^[17]

On Monday, June 15, 1964, Moseley received the death sentence for the murder of Genovese. When the jury foreman read the sentence, Moseley showed no emotion, while some spectators applauded and others cheered. When calm had returned, Judge Shapiro added, "I don't believe in capital punishment, but when I see a monster like this, I wouldn't hesitate to pull the switch myself."^[26] On June 1, 1967, the New York Court of Appeals found that Moseley should have been able to argue that he was "medically insane" at the sentencing hearing when the trial court found that he had been legally sane, and the initial death sentence was reduced to lifetime imprisonment.^[27]

Imprisonment

On March 18, 1968, Moseley escaped from custody while being transported back to prison from Meyer Memorial Hospital in Buffalo, New York, where he had undergone minor surgery for a self-inflicted injury.^[28][29] Moseley hit the transporting correctional officer, stole his weapon, and then fled to a nearby vacant house owned by a Grand Island, New York couple, Mr. and Mrs. Matthew Kulaga. Moseley stayed at the residence undetected for three days. On March 21, the Kulagas went to check on the house, where they encountered Moseley. He held the couple hostage for over an hour during which he bound and gagged Matthew Kulaga and raped his wife. He then took the couple's car and fled.^[28][30] Moseley made his way to Grand Island where, on March 22, he broke into another house and took a woman and her daughter hostage. He held them hostage for two hours before releasing them unharmed. Moseley surrendered to police shortly thereafter.^[31] He was later charged with escape and kidnapping to which he pleaded guilty. Moseley was given two additional fifteen-year sentences concurrent with his life sentence.^[32]

During the 1970s, Moseley participated in the Attica Prison riot,^[33] and late in the decade obtained a Bachelor of Arts in sociology in prison from Niagara University.^[34]

Moseley became eligible for parole in 1984. During his first parole hearing, Moseley told the parole board that the notoriety he faced due to his crimes made him a victim also, stating, "For a victim outside, it's a one-time or one-hour or one-minute affair, but for the person who's caught, it's forever."^[35] At the same hearing, Moseley claimed he never intended to kill Genovese and that he considered her murder to be a mugging because "[...] people do kill people when they mug them sometimes." The board denied his request for parole.^[36]

Moseley returned for a parole hearing on March 13, 2008, the 44th anniversary of Genovese's murder. The previous week, Moseley had turned 73 years old, and had still shown little remorse for murdering Genovese.^[35] Parole was denied.^[37] Genovese's brother, Vincent, was unaware of the 2008 hearing until he was contacted by New York Daily News reporters.^[35] Vincent Genovese has reportedly never "recovered from the horror" of his sister's murder.^[35] "This brings back what happened to her", Vincent had said; "the whole family remembers".^[35]

Moseley remains in prison after having been denied parole an eighteenth time in November 2015.^[23]

Reaction

Public reaction

At first, the murder of Genovese did not receive much media attention. It took a remark from the New York City Police Commissioner Michael J. Murphy to New York Times metropolitan editor A. M. Rosenthal over lunch – Rosenthal later quoted Murphy as saying, "That Queens story is one for the books" – to provoke the Times into publishing an investigative report.^[5][14]

The article,^[18][38] written by Martin Gansberg and published on March 27, 1964, two weeks after the murder, bore the headline "37 Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police". (It has been variously quoted and reproduced since 1964 with a headline that begins "Thirty-Eight Who Saw ..."^[39]) The public view of the story crystallized around a quote from the article by an unidentified neighbor who saw part of the attack but deliberated before finally getting another neighbor to call the police, saying, "I didn't want to get involved."^[5] Many then saw the story of Genovese's murder as emblematic of the callousness or apathy of life in big cities, and New York in particular.^[40]

Science-fiction author and cultural provocateur Harlan Ellison, in articles published in 1970 and 1971 in the Los Angeles Free Press and in Rolling Stone, referred to the witnesses as "thirty-six motherfuckers"^[41] and stated that they "stood by and watched" Genovese "get knifed to death right in front of them, and wouldn't make a move"^[42] and that "thirty-eight people watched" Genovese "get knifed to death in a New York street".^[43] In an article in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (June 1988) and later reprinted in his book Harlan Ellison's Watching, Ellison referred to the murder as "witnessed by thirty-eight neighbors", citing reports he claimed to have read that one man turned up his radio so that he would not hear Genovese's screams. Ellison says that the reports attributed the "get involved" quote to nearly all of the 38 who supposedly witnessed the attack.

More recent investigations have questioned the original version of events.^[44][45][46] While Genovese's neighbors were vilified by the articles, "thirty-eight onlookers who did nothing" is a misconception. The New York Times article begins, "For more than half an hour thirty-eight respectable, law-abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman in three separate attacks in Kew Gardens." However, a 2007 study found many of the purported facts about the murder to be unfounded.^[47] The study found "no evidence for the presence of 38 witnesses, or that witnesses observed the murder, or that witnesses remained inactive".^[48]

None of the witnesses observed the attacks in their entirety. Because of the layout of the complex and the fact that the attacks took place in different locations, no witness saw the entire sequence of events. Most only heard portions of the incident without realizing its seriousness, a few saw only small portions of the initial assault, and no witnesses directly saw the final attack and rape, in an exterior hallway.^[1] Additionally, after the initial attack punctured her lungs, leading to her eventual death from asphyxiation, it is unlikely that Genovese was able to scream at any volume.^[49] Only one witness, Joseph Fink, was aware she was stabbed in the first attack, and only Karl Ross (the neighbor who called police) was aware of it in the second attack. Many were entirely unaware that an assault or homicide was in progress; some thought that what they saw or heard was a lovers' quarrel, a drunken brawl, or a group of friends leaving the bar when Moseley first approached Genovese.^[11]

Nevertheless, media attention to the Genovese murder led to reform of the NYPD's telephone reporting system; the system in place at the time of the assault was often hostile to callers, inefficient and directed individuals to the incorrect department. The intense press coverage also led to serious investigation of the bystander effect by psychologists and sociologists. Additionally, some communities organized neighborhood watch programs and the equivalent for apartment buildings to aid people in distress.

However, public reaction to murders happening in the neighborhood supposedly did not change. According to a The New York Times article dated December 28, 1974, ten years after Genovese's murder, 25-year-old Sandra Zahler was beaten to death early Christmas morning in an apartment within a building that overlooked the site of the Genovese attack. Neighbors again said they heard screams and "fierce struggles" but did nothing.^[50]

In an interview on NPR on March 3, 2014, Kevin Cook, author of Kitty Genovese: The Murder, the Bystanders, the Crime That Changed America, said:

Thirty-eight witnesses — that was the story that came from the police. And it really is what made the story stick. Over the course of many months of research, I wound up finding a document that was a collection of the first interviews. Oddly enough, there were 49 witnesses. I was puzzled by that until I added up the entries themselves. Some of them were interviews with two or three people [who] lived in the same apartment. I believe that some harried civil servant gave that number to the police commissioner who gave it to Rosenthal, and it entered the modern history of America after that.^[51]

Psychological research

Harold Takooshian writing in Psychology Today states "that In his book, Rosenthal (A.M) asked a series of behavioral scientists to explain why people do or do not help a victim and, sadly, he found none could offer an evidence-based answer. How ironic that this same question was answered separately by a non-scientist. When the killer was apprehended, and Chief of Detectives Albert Seedman asked him how he dared to attack a woman in front of so many witnesses, the psychopath calmly replied, "I knew they wouldn't do anything, people never do" ". ^[52]

The apparent lack of reaction by numerous neighbors purported to have watched the scene or to have heard Genovese's cries for help, although erroneously reported, prompted research into diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect. Social psychologists John M. Darley and Bibb Latané started this line of research, showing that contrary to common expectations, larger numbers of bystanders decrease the likelihood that someone will step forward and help a victim.^[53] The reasons include the fact that onlookers see that others are not helping either, that onlookers believe others will know better how to help, and that onlookers feel uncertain about helping while others are watching. The Kitty Genovese case thus became a classic feature of social psychology textbooks.

In September 2007, the American Psychologist published an examination of the factual basis of coverage of the Kitty Genovese murder in psychology textbooks. The three authors concluded that the story is more parable than fact, largely because of inaccurate newspaper coverage at the time of the incident.^[11] According to the authors, "despite this absence of evidence, the story continues to inhabit our introductory social psychology textbooks (and thus the minds of future social psychologists)." One interpretation of the parable is that the drama and ease of teaching the exaggerated story make it easier for professors to capture student attention and interest.^[9]

Psychologist Frances Cherry has suggested the interpretation of the murder as an issue of bystander intervention is incomplete.^[54] She has pointed to additional research such as that of Borofsky^[55] and Shotland^[56] demonstrating that people, especially at that time, were unlikely to intervene if they believed a man was attacking his wife or girlfriend. She has suggested that the issue might be better understood in terms of male/female power relations.^[54]

In popular culture

The story of the witnesses who did nothing "is taught in every introduction-to-psychology textbook in the United States and Britain, and in many other countries ... and has been made popularly known through television programs and books,"^[9] and even songs.

Film and Television

• The Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Silent Six" (November 21, 1965), portrays the brutal beating of a young woman whose screams for help are ignored by the six residents of her small apartment building. The "get involved" quote is spoken once by Paul Drake and paraphrased by several other characters.^[57]
• An American television movie, Death Scream (1975), starring Raúl Juliá, was based on the murder.^[58]
• In the season 1 Law & Order episode, "The Violence of Summer" (1991), Detective Logan remarks: "It is the post-Kitty Genovese era, nobody wants to look, they think they'll get involved", when lamenting the lack of witnesses to a rape.
• Season 6, episode 10 of Law & Order, "Remand" (1996), featuring a similar but non-fatal attack on a victim named Cookie Costello, is loosely based on the Genovese case.^[59]
• The crime thriller film The Boondock Saints (1999) uses the incident as an example of good men doing nothing.
• History's Mysteries, episode 15.2 "Silent Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Murder" (2006) on the History Channel, is a documentary of the murder.^[60]
• The film 38 témoins (2012, 38 Witnesses), directed by Lucas Belvaux, is based on Didier Decoin's 2009 novel about the case and reset in Le Havre, France.
• Season 2, episode 3 of the Investigation Discovery Channel's A Crime to Remember series, "38 Witnesses" (2014), is about the Genovese murder.
• The Law & Order: SVU episode (season 17, episode 13) entitled "Forty-One Witnesses" is based on the Genovese case.

Literature

• A. M. Rosenthal's book, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case (1964), explores the incident.^[61]
• Kitty Genovese's murder inspired Harlan Ellison's short story "The Whimper of Whipped Dogs", first published in Bad Moon Rising: An Anthology of Political Forebodings (1973).^[62]
• Dean Koontz's horror novel, Twilight Eyes (1985), refers to the murder as motivation for the main characters to take action.^[63]
• Genovese's murder was a pivotal event in the comic series Watchmen (1986-1987), which originally inspired protagonist Rorschach to become a masked vigilante. His unique mask made from the signature "Moving Ink Blot" material was created from a dress that was originally intended for Kitty Genovese.^[9][64]
• In his book, The Tipping Point (2000), Malcolm Gladwell refers to the case and the "bystander effect" as evidence of contextual cues for human responses.^[9]
• Ryan David Jahn's novel Good Neighbors (2009) is based on the murder.^[65][66]
• Didier Decoin's novel Est-ce ainsi que les femmes meurent? (2009; Is This How Women Die?) is based on the murder.
• SuperFreakonomics (2009), by Steven Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, uses the murder of Kitty Genovese as a case study in the book's chapter on altruism.
• In Twisted Confessions: The True Story Behind the Kitty Genovese and Barbara Kralik Murder Trials, the lead prosecutor from the trial the Genovese Murder Trial, Charles Skoller recalls the events and mass attention surrounding the trial for the infamous crime.

Music

• Kitty Genovese's murder inspired folk singer Phil Ochs to write the song "Outside of a Small Circle of Friends", originally released on the album Pleasures of the Harbor (1967). This song related five different situations that should demand action on the part of the narrator, but in each case the narrator concludes: "I'm sure it wouldn't interest anybody outside of a small circle of friends".^[67][68]
• Joey Levine and Artie Resnick composed the song "All's Quiet On West 23rd" (1967), which tells the story of a fictional murder based upon the Genovese case. It was released on record by several musicians in 1967–1968, including The Jet Stream, sung by Levine; Julie Budd in the US; and Liza Strike in the UK.^[69]
• The murder inspired The Smiths song, "Death of a Disco Dancer", on the album Strangeways, Here We Come (1987).
• Andrew Jackson Jihad's song "Big Bird", from their album Knife Man (2011), contains the lyric "I'm afraid of the social laziness that let Kitty Genovese die."
• South Korean indie rock band Nell's song "Dear Genovese", from their album Newton's Apple (2014), speaks about the case in a personal way, almost through the point of view of Genovese herself

Theatre

• English composer Will Todd's music theatre work, The Screams of Kitty Genovese (1999), is based on the murder.

See also

• Crime in New York City
• Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic (Italy)
• Death of Wang Yue (China)
• Social loafing
• Volunteer's dilemma

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Cook, Kevin (2014). Kitty Genovese: The Murder, The Bystanders, The Crime That Changed America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-23928-7. 
• Darley, John. "Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility". Wadsworth.com. 
• Gallo, Marcia M. (2015). "No One Helped": Kitty Genovese, New York City, and the Myth of Urban Apathy. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5664-0. 
• Ochs, Phil. "'Outside of a Small Circle of Friends' lyrics". CS.pdx.edu. 
• Ozog, Matthew (Producer) & Isay, David (Executive Producer) & Ticktin, Jessica (Production Assistant). "Remembering Kitty Genovese". Sound Portraits.  Includes interview with Mary Ann Zielonko and crime scene photographs.
• Pelonero, Catherine (2014). Kitty Genovese: A True Account of a Public Murder and its Private Consequences. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-62873-706-6. 
• Rosenthal, A.M. (1964). Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21527-3. 
• Skoller, Charles E. (2008). Twisted Confessions: The True Story Behind the Kitty Genovese and Barbara Kralik Murder Trials. Bridgeway Books. p. 228. ISBN 1-934454-17-6. 
• "Winston Moseley's Confession" (PDF). Internet Archive. 

Further reading

• De May, Joseph, Jr. "Kitty Genovese: What you think you know about the case might not be true". A reinvestigation by a member of the Richmond Hill Historical Society (Richmond Hill, NY).  This comes in two versions:
  • Single page at the Wayback Machine (archived June 16, 2006) that analyzes and argues with Gansberg's article, with links to other material.
  • A 13-page comprehensive summary at the Wayback Machine (archived February 7, 2004) of the same article.
• Getlen, Larry (February 16, 2014). "Debunking the Myth of Kitty Genovese". New York Post. 
• Pelonero, Catherine (March 2, 2014). "The Truth About Kitty Genovese". New York Daily News. 
• "Kitty Genovese, Revised". Wilson Quarterly (Winter 2007).