Wheat fly
Wheat fly (German: Weizengallmücke) the name given in Europe to the Contarina (Contarinia?; formerly Cecidomyia) tritici (Kirby), a small dipterous insect of the family of gall gnats, from its depredations on wheat, to which it is nearly as destructive as the famous and closely allied species, the Hessian fly.
Description
The typical insect is 1/30 of an inch long, orange red, with whitish wings hairy on the edges, and black eyes. They deposit their eggs in the centre of the corolla of the wheat flower, coming out in great numbers between 7 and 9 p.m. early in June, several laying on the same ear. The eggs are hatched in eight to ten days.
The larvae, footless grubs nearly an eighth of an inch long when fully grown, feed upon the flower, rendering it abortive, and not upon the stem like the Hessian fly. They are yellowish, with sharp head and truncated tail, and have a quick wriggling motion. By the first of August they descend ahout half an inch into the earth, and remain there through the winter. The pupa is narrower, rufous, and sharp at both ends.
History
An insect considered by Harris the same appeared in northern New England about 1828, whence it spread to Canada, Massachusetts, and New York, and disappeared only by being starved out by a change of crop or the substitution of late sown spring wheat. (See Harris, On the Insects injurious to Vegetation.)
Treatment
In the late 19th century, the most efficacious remedies were: fumigations with sulphur for several evenings in succession while the grain was in blossom, lime and ashes strewn over them when wet with dew, liming and ploughing the soil into which they have burrowed, and sowing late in spring or early in autumn.
A little black ichneumon fly deposits her eggs within these larvae, and destroys many.
Notes
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Wheat Fly". The American Cyclopædia.