Washington Luís

His Excellency Washington Luís
13th President of Brazil
In office 15 November 1926 – 24 October 1930
Vice President	Fernando de Melo Viana
Preceded by	Artur Bernardes
Succeeded by	Military Junta of 1930
Member of the Federal Senate
In office 30 June 1925 – 3 May 1926
Constituency	São Paulo
11th Governor of São Paulo
In office 1 May 1920 – 1 May 1924
Lieutenant	Virgilio Rodrigues Alves
Preceded by	Altino Arantes
Succeeded by	Carlos de Campos
3rd Mayor of São Paulo
In office 15 January 1914 – 15 August 1919
Preceded by	Raimundo Duprat
Succeeded by	Rocha Azevedo
Member of a Legislative Assembly
In office 1 May 1912 – 15 January 1914
Constituency	São Paulo
In office 1 May 1904 – 13 May 1906
Constituency	São Paulo
Secretary of Justice of São Paulo
In office 13 May 1906 – 6 April 1912
Governor	Jorge Tibiriçá Albuquerque Lins
Succeeded by	Mario Bastos Cruz
Personal details
Born	(1869-10-26)26 October 1869 Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil
Died	4 August 1957(1957-08-04) (aged 87) São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Nationality	Brazilian
Political party	Republican Party of São Paulo
Signature

Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈwɔʃĩtõ luˈiʃ peˈɾejɾɐ dʒi ˈsowzɐ]; 26 October 1869 – 4 August 1957) was a Brazilian politician and the last president of the First Brazilian Republic.^[1][2]

Summary

His family was of Portuguese Romani descent. He was born in Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, and moved to São Paulo, where he became a lawyer. Elected governor of São Paulo state in 1920 and president of Brazil in 1926, Washington Luís belonged to the Republican Party of São Paulo (PRP) and served as the last president of the First Brazilian Republic (see also café com leite, coronelismo).

Facing the 1929 crisis, the president lost almost all his support. He selected his friend Júlio Prestes as his successor in 1930, but just three weeks before the end of his term, Luís was overthrown in a coup d'etat during the Brazilian Revolution of 1930, and was succeeded as president by the short-lived Brazilian Military Junta in the last few months of 1930.

Biography

Lawyer, born in the city of Macaé, State of Rio de Janeiro, on 26 October 1869. Graduated from the University of São Paulo Law School (1891). Appointed prosecutor in Barra Mansa – RJ (1892) but resigned to devote himself to law, in Batatais – SP, where he began his political career. Alderman in Batatais – SP by Federal Republican Party – PRF and President of the Municipal Chamber (1897). Batatais mayor (1898–1899). Elected congressman from the "Partido da Lavoura" (1900), not by not taking office for his diploma was not recognized by the Credentials Committee of the House of Representatives. State representative for the Paulista Republican Party – PRP (1904–1906), participating in the Constituent Assembly of São Paulo, which revised the Constitution of the State (1905); resigned as representative to take the office of Secretary of State of Justice and Public Safety (1906–1912).

Leader of the situationists and again state representative for PRP (1912–1913), interrupted his mandate to be mayor of São Paulo – SP (1914–1919), when he faced the general strike of 1917. He was governor of the state of São Paulo (1920–1924). He led the 3rd Battalion organized in Batatais to fight the rebels of São Paulo (1924), which would form, in 1925, the Miguel Costa-Prestes Column. Senator for the PRP (1925–1926).

Through direct election, went on to hold the Presidency of the Republic on 15 November 1926. Was deposed by the Revolution of 1930, on 24 October, and fulfilled exile in Europe and the United States, returning to Brazil in 1947. After returning from exile, he moved to São Paulo and devoted himself to historical studies. Was a worthy member of the "Santa Casa de São Paulo"; honorary president of the Brazilian "Cruz Vermelha"; member of the Institutes of History and Geography of São Paulo, Bahia and Ceará; member of the "Academia Paulista de Letras"; member of the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute. The Rodovia Washington Luís in the state of São Paulo is named in his honor.

Died in São Paulo, on 4 August 1957.

Presidency

Washington Luís and his cabinet, 1926

Throughout the 1920s, the Old Republic suffered a deep wear due to demonstrations of opposition from the urban middle class, the lieutenants' and workers' movements and dissident oligarchies. Early in his administration, came to an end the Prestes Column, with 620 men who went into Bolivian territory and subsequently dissolved. The government of Washington Luís was no longer threatened by the lieutenants' rebellions and for the advancement of the labor movement, however, to restrain new opposition movements he created Celerada Act in 1927, which imposed press censorship and restricted the right of assembly, leading to underground the Brazilian Communist Party, which had been recognized by the government earlier that year.

The global economic crisis of 1929, triggered with the stock markest crash on 24 October, was the largest in the history of capitalism, reaching many countries and paralyzing economic activities. It's effects in Brazil overthrew the valuation policy of coffee, started in 1906 with the signing of the "Convênio de Taubaté". The coffee, which accounted for 70% of Brazilian exports, had their price reduced in the international market. The crisis threatened the stability of the government of Washington Luís, who did not allow the new currency devaluation, pled by farmers before the disaster on the New York Stock Exchange.

The victory of the São Paulo Júlio Prestes, backed by Washington Luís, in the presidential elections of 1 March 1930, was questioned on suspicion of fraud. The assassination of João Pessoa, governor of Paraíba and candidate for vice president on the plate of the Getúlio Vargas on 26 July 1930, was a decisive factor for the worsening of movements opposed to the government of Washington Luís, already strained by the coffee crisis. The assassination, later proved, did not have any political purposes. Reassuming the government of Rio Grande do Sul, Vargas and other politician such as and Osvaldo Aranha began the political conspiracy that led to the movement of 3 October 1930, the Revolution of 1930, as became known the episode. President Washington Luís was deposed on 24 October by the heads of the armed forces, and a provisional government junta took power, composed of generals Tasso Fragoso and Mena Barreto and by admiral Isaías de Noronha.

References

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Governors of São Paulo (1889 — 2016) Prudente de Morais Jorge Tibiriçá Américo Brasiliense Cerqueira César Bernardino de Campos Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales Peixoto Gomide Fernando Prestes Rodrigues Alves Domingos de Morais Bernardino de Campos Jorge Tibiriçá Albuquerque Lins Rodrigues Alves Altino Arantes Washington Luís Carlos de Campos Júlio Prestes Heitor Penteado Lins de Barros Laudo Camargo Manuel Rabelo Pedro de Toledo Castilho de Lima Armando de Sales Oliveira Melo Neto Ademar de Barros Sousa Costa Macedo Soares Ademar de Barros Lucas Garcez Jânio Quadros Carvalho Pinto Laudo Natel Abreu Sodré Laudo Natel Paulo Egídio Martins Paulo Maluf José Maria Marin Franco Montoro Orestes Quércia Luiz Antônio Fleury Filho Mário Covas Geraldo Alckmin Cláudio Lembo José Serra Alberto Goldman Geraldo Alckmin

Mayors of São Paulo Gomes Cardim Antonio Prado Raimundo Duprat Washington Luís Rocha Azevedo Firmiano de Morais Pinto José Pires do Rio Luís Inácio de Anhaia Melo Francisco Machado de Campos Henrique Jorge Guedes Gofredo da Silva Teles Teodoro Augusto Ramos Antônio Carlos de Assumpção Fábio Prado Francisco Prestes Maia Abraão Ribeiro Cristiano Stockler das Neves Paulo Lauro Milton Improta Asdrúbal da Cunha Lineu Prestes Armando de Arruda Pereira Jânio Quadros José Porfírio da Paz William Salem Juvenal Lino de Matos Vladimir de Toledo Piza Adhemar de Barros Francisco Prestes Maia Faria Lima Paulo Maluf José Carlos de Figueiredo Ferraz Miguel Colasuonno Olavo Egydio Setubal Reinaldo de Barros Antônio Salim Curiati Francisco Altino Lima Mário Covas Jânio Quadros Luiza Erundina Paulo Maluf Celso Pitta Régis de Oliveira Celso Pitta Marta Suplicy José Serra Gilberto Kassab Fernando Haddad