Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center

Walter E. Fernald State School
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Location	200 Trapelo Rd., Waltham, Massachusetts
Coordinates	42°23′28″N 71°12′38″W / 42.39111°N 71.21056°W / 42.39111; -71.21056Coordinates: 42°23′28″N 71°12′38″W / 42.39111°N 71.21056°W / 42.39111; -71.21056
Built	1888
Architect	William G. Preston; Clarence P. Hoyt
Architectural style	Greek Revival, Queen Anne, Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals
MPS	Massachusetts State Hospitals And State Schools MPS
NRHP Reference #	93001487 [1]
Added to NRHP	January 21, 1994

The Walter E. Fernald State School, now the Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center (aka Fernald Developmental Center or simply Fernald), is the Western hemisphere's oldest publicly funded institution serving people with developmental disabilities.^[2][3] Originally a Victorian sanatorium, it became a "poster child" for the American eugenics movement during the 1920s. It later was the scene of medical experiments in the 20th century. Investigations into this research led to new regulations regarding human research in children.

The school occupies a 186 acres (75 ha) property off Trapelo Road in Waltham, Massachusetts.

History

The Fernald Center, originally called the Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded, was founded by reformer Samuel Gridley Howe in 1848 with a $2,500 appropriation from the Massachusetts State Legislature. The school eventually comprised 72 buildings total, located on 196 acres (0.79 km²). At its peak, some 2,500 people were confined there, most of them "feeble-minded" boys.

Under its third superintendent, Walter E. Fernald (1859–1924), an advocate of eugenics, the school was viewed as a model educational facility in the field of mental retardation. It was renamed in his honor in 1925, following his death the previous year. The institution was involved in several different procedures that used the residents as test subjects some of which include sterilization and radiation experimentation.

The institution did serve a large population of mentally retarded children, but The Boston Globe estimates that upwards of half of the inmates tested with IQs in the normal range. In the 20th century, living conditions were spartan or worse; approximately 36 children slept in each dormitory room. There were also reports of physical and sexual abuse.^[4] This situation changed in the 1970s, when a class action suit, Ricci v. Okin, was filed to upgrade conditions at Fernald and several other state institutions for persons with mental retardation in Massachusetts. U.S. District Court Judge Joseph Louis Tauro, who assumed oversight of the case in 1972, formally disengaged from the case in 1993, declaring that improvements in the care and conditions at the facilities had made them "second to none anywhere in the world." A result for Fernald residents of the class action suit which took effect in 1993 was the provision of "a guaranteed level of care, regardless of cost, to compensate for decades of neglect and abuse."^[3]

The Fernald Center's last resident was discharged on Thursday, November 13, 2014, after a protracted legal and political battle which cost the Commonwealth of Massachusetts over $40 million in additional costs over the projected closure date of 2010. Remaining residents were successfully integrated into community services or other state operated programs.^[5]

Nuclear medicine research in children

The Fernald School was the site of the 1946–53 joint experiments by Harvard University and MIT that exposed young male children to tracer doses of radioactive isotopes.^[6] Documents obtained in 1994 by the United States Department of Energy ^[7] revealed the following details:

• The experiment was conducted in part by a research fellow sponsored by the Quaker Oats Company.
• MIT Professor of Nutrition Robert S. Harris led the experiment, which studied the absorption of calcium and iron.
• The boys were encouraged to join a "Science Club", which offered larger portions of food, parties, and trips to Boston Red Sox baseball games.
• The 57 club members ate iron-enriched cereals and calcium-enriched milk for breakfast. In order to track absorption, several radioactive calcium tracers were given orally or intravenously.
• Radiation levels in stool and blood samples would serve as dependent variables.
• In another study, 17 subjects received iron supplement shots containing radioisotopes or iron.^[8]
• Neither the children nor their parents ever gave adequate informed consent for participation in a scientific study.

The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, reporting to the United States Department of Energy in 1994, reported on these experiments:^[9]

In 1946, one study exposed seventeen subjects to radioactive iron. The second study, which involved a series of seventeen related subexperiments, exposed fifty-seven subjects to radioactive calcium between 1950 and 1953. It is clear that the doses involved were low and that it is extremely unlikely that any of the children who were used as subjects were harmed as a consequence. These studies remain morally troubling, however, for several reasons. First, although parents or guardians were asked for their permission to have their children involved in the research, the available evidence suggests that the information provided was, at best, incomplete. Second, there is the question of the fairness of selecting institutionalized children at all, children whose life circumstances were by any standard already heavily burdened.

It has been claimed that the highest dose of radiation that any subject was exposed to was 330 millirem the equivalent of less than one year's background radiation in Denver.^[10] A 1995 class-action suit resulted in a 1998 District court decision awarding the victims a $1.85 million settlement from MIT and Quaker.^[11]

The school also participated in studies of thyroid function in patients with Down Syndrome and their parents. ^[12] This study showed that their iodine metabolism was similar to normal controls.

Twenty-first century

The buildings and grounds survive as a center for mentally disabled adults, operated by the Massachusetts Department of Mental Retardation. In 2001, 320 adults resided at Fernald, with ages ranging from 27 to 96 years and an average age of 47 years. According to a December 13, 2004 article in the Boston Globe, Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney announced in 2003 that the facility would be closed and the land sold by 2007. In 2003, a coalition of family advocates and state employee unions began a campaign to save Fernald and asked Judge Tauro to resume his oversight of the "Ricci v. Okin" class action lawsuit that had led to improvements at Fernald and the other state facilities beginning in the 1970s.

In an August 14, 2007 ruling, Judge Tauro ordered the Department of Mental Retardation to consider the individual wishes of all 185 institution residents before closing the facility. However, in September 2007, the new administration of Governor Deval Patrick appealed Tauro's ruling to the First Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Boston. In a statement, the Patrick administration contended that Fernald had become too expensive to continue to operate and that equal or better care could be provided in private, community-based settings for the remaining Fernald residents. The administration's cost claims have been disputed by the Fernald League for the Retarded, Inc., the Massachusetts Coalition of Families and Advocates for the Retarded, Inc. (COFAR) and other family-based organizations, which have continued to advocate for the preservation of Fernald as a site for ICF/MR-level care for its current residents. Those advocacy organizations have proposed a "postage-stamp" plan under which Fernald would be scaled back in size and the remaining portion of the campus sold for development. The Patrick administration, however, has declined to negotiate with those Fernald advocates, and has pressed ahead with its appeal and closure plans.

A significant portion of the Waltham campus, encompassing its facilities established through Fernald's tenure, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.^[13] Fernald was the subject of a 2007 documentary film "Front Wards, Back Wards" directed by W.C. Rogers, which has been shown on some PBS television stations.

As of June 2013, Fernald remains open with 13 residents living on grounds, the oldest of whom is 84 years old and a resident since the age of 19.^[3] It was reported to cost approximately US$1 million per client per year, or about four times the United States national average for state-supported institution.

The Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center was shut down on November 13, 2014.^[14][15]

See also

• Human experimentation in the United States
• Templeton Developmental Center, another state facility originally established under Fernald's tenure
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Waltham, Massachusetts

References

Further reading

• D'Antonio, Michael. The State Boys Rebellion. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
• Trent, James W., Jr. The Manliest Man: Samuel G. Howe and the Contours of Nineteenth-Century American Reform. University of Massachusetts Press, 2012.

External links

• Excerpts from the writings of Walter E. Fernald
• In the swim of things
• Fernald through the years (photo gallery)
• Closure of Tufts dental clinic leaves disabled patients without care
• History of the Fernald Center, City of Waltham

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