Walls and Bridges

Walls and Bridges
3 drawings split vertically, with the text (going from L-R) "John Lennon June 1952 Age 11 Walls and Bridges" at the top
Studio album by John Lennon
Released 26 September 1974 (US)
4 October 1974 (UK)
Recorded July–August 1974 at Record Plant East, New York City
Genre Rock, pop rock, folk rock[1]
Length 46:02
Label Apple
Producer John Lennon
John Lennon chronology
Mind Games
(1973)		 Walls and Bridges
(1974)		 Rock 'n' Roll
(1975)
Singles from Walls and Bridges
  1. "Whatever Gets You thru the Night"
    Released: 23 September 1974
  2. "#9 Dream"
    Released: 16 December 1974

Walls and Bridges is the fifth studio album by John Lennon, issued on 26 September 1974 in the United States and on 4 October in the United Kingdom. Written, recorded and released during his 18-month separation from Yoko Ono (June 1973–January 1975), the album captures Lennon in the midst of his "Lost Weekend". Walls and Bridges was an American Billboard number one album and featured two hit singles "Whatever Gets You thru the Night" and "#9 Dream", the first of which was Lennon's first number one hit in the United States as a solo artist, and his only chart-topping single in either the US or Britain during his lifetime.

The album was certified silver in the UK, and gold in the US.

Background

In June 1973, as Lennon was about to record Mind Games, Ono decided that she and Lennon should separate.[2] Lennon soon moved to California with his and Ono's personal assistant May Pang, after Ono had egged her on,[3] and embarked upon an eighteen-month relationship with Pang he would later refer to as his "Lost Weekend".[4] While Lennon and Pang were living in Los Angeles,[5] John took the opportunity to get reacquainted with his son, Julian, whom he had not seen in four years.[6] Lennon had planned to record an album of rock 'n' roll oldies with producer Phil Spector,[7] but these sessions became legendary not for the music produced but for the chaotic antics fuelled by alcohol.[8] Lennon and Pang returned to New York and Spector disappeared with these session tapes.[8] Around this time, Lennon had written several new songs during a stay at The Pierre and started recording a few home demos.[8][9]

Recording

Lennon was rehearsing his new material with a handful of musicians at Record Plant East in New York City in July 1974.[10] Musicians included Jim Keltner on drums, Klaus Voormann on bass, Jesse Ed Davis on guitar, and Arthur Jenkins on percussion.[11] These were some of the players Lennon had been with in Los Angeles, but here they were under orders to avoid the drinking and carousing that had characterised the earlier interaction.[9] The core players would be billed on the album as the Plastic Ono Nuclear Band, a variation on the Plastic Ono Band conceptual group moniker that many of Lennon's solo efforts were credited to.[11]

The musicians worked out their own arrangements in a short time, and the recording advanced quickly.[10] Ron Aprea, saxophonist from the Little Big Horns, said that: "Since he had no formal training in arranging, he would sit in the control room and let us make up our own parts. If he liked what we played , he would let us know ... If we thought we could get it better, he would say 'go for it'."[10] Aprea also said that the brass section was done in a two-week period.[10] Lennon later said that it had been "an extraordinary year for me personally. And I'm almost amazed that I could get anything out. But I enjoyed doing Walls and Bridges and it wasn't hard when I had the whole thing to go into the studio and do it. I'm surprised it wasn't just all bluuuuuuggggghhhhh."[7] Several rehearsals were released on the posthumous albums Menlove Ave. and John Lennon Anthology.[10]

The version of "Old Dirt Road" that was included on Menlove Ave. features the song in its basic shape, while the version on John Lennon Anthology shows the song in a more advanced form, similar to the master take.[12] After the basic tracks were recorded, the process of overdubbing began.[10] Overdub engineer Jimmy Iovine said the sessions were "the most professional I have still been on ... John knew what he wanted, he knew how to get what he was going for, he was going after a noise and he knew how to get it ... His solo thing had an incredible sound to it. And he really had his own sound."[10] Despite Record Plant being one of the most state-of-the-art recording studios in New York at that point, Lennon's vocal overdubs were done with an old stage mic, which had been left in a bass drum for years.[10] Iovine said that "(it) was an old beat up one ... so it was dull in a way, but John's voice was so bright, that it sounded incredible on it. It turned out to be great vocal sound, like on '#9 Dream'."[10] After the basic track for "#9 Dream" had been recorded, Ken Ascher added the orchestral arrangement Lennon had originally written for the Nilsson track he produced, "Many Rivers to Cross."[13]

"Surprise Surprise (Sweet Bird of Paradox)" originally was a short piece, which featured Lennon on electric guitar, that later became the song's middle 8.[14] On another demo for the song, the song had been reworked, to a similar form to the final version, featuring Lennon on acoustic guitar.[14] When Lennon went into Record Plant to record the song, however, parts of the demos were dropped.[14] The song features vocal overdubs from Lennon and Elton John.[14] Lennon's piano demo for "Steel and Glass" has completely different lyrics to the finished version, while a rehearsal from Menlove Ave. has the song with a slower tempo and Lennon on acoustic guitar, with incomplete lyrics.[14] During one of his frequent visits from England to visit his father during this period, eleven-year-old son Julian Lennon attended the recording sessions and they did a casual cover of the Lee Dorsey oldie "Ya Ya". Lennon surprised Julian by including it as the album closer with the credit: "Starring Julian Lennon on drums and Dad on piano and vocals".[11][15] Pang recalled the younger Lennon's response, telling his father "If I'd known, I would have played better!"[6] Lennon also sends a message to publisher Morris Levy, who was expecting Lennon's next release to be the Oldies album, in the introduction to the song[16] ("Ya Ya" was part of Levy's song catalogue, which Lennon was obligated to begin recording songs from due to a settlement of an earlier lawsuit).[17] Cut from the album at the last minute was a track called "Move Over Ms. L"[nb 1] which was placed between "Surprise Surprise" and "What You Got" before Lennon changed the track list.[10] It would eventually appear as the B-side to the single "Stand by Me".[10] The song would also be given to Keith Moon for his only solo album, Two Sides of the Moon.[10][18] Also recorded during the session was a demo for Ringo Starr: "Goodnight Vienna".[19]

Music and lyrics

The title of the album refers to the barriers that Lennon had constructed between himself and others and to his hope that those barriers could be surmounted.[20] Lennon said, "Walls keep you in either protectively or otherwise, and bridges get you somewhere else."[20]

Walls and Bridges has a variety of musical stylings and many of the lyrics make it clear that Lennon both enjoyed his new-found freedom and also missed Ono. "Going Down on Love", "What You Got" and "Bless You" address his feelings toward Ono,[21][22] the last one the most explicitly,[23] while the first track that Lennon wrote when he and Pang went to New York, "Surprise Surprise (Sweet Bird of Paradox)", was about Pang.[13][15] "Steel and Glass" included a sinister riff reminiscent of "How Do You Sleep?", Lennon's audio argument with Paul McCartney from the Imagine album, though the digs this time were directed at former Beatles manager Allen Klein.[nb 2][14][15][24] "Scared" is a haunting track exploring Lennon's fear of ageing, loneliness and the emptiness of success.[25] The album also includes some of Lennon's most uplifting songs, namely its two singles "Whatever Gets You thru the Night" (which features Elton John on piano and harmony vocals)[26] and "#9 Dream" (the instrumentation evokes a dream, as well as reflective Beatles songs such as "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Sun King").[13][20] Another is "Beef Jerky", an R&B-inspired instrumental.[5] "Old Dirt Road" uses the road as a metaphor for a point of stability in an unstable world and a life subject to variability.[27]

The lyrics of "Going Down on Love" reflect Lennon's feelings during his so-called "lost weekend" separation from wife Yoko Ono.[21][28] The song's title incorporates a sexual pun.[29][30] After the release of Walls and Bridges, Lennon called the jazzy "Bless You" the "best piece of work on the album ... that seems to be the best track, to me."[25] The lyrics of "Nobody Loves You (When You're Down and Out)" describe the emptiness he felt as well as his disillusionment with show business.[31]

Recalling the recording of the album, in an interview the following year with Pete Hamill in Rolling Stone, Lennon recalled: "Elton sort of popped in on the sessions for Walls and Bridges and sort of zapped in and played the piano and ended up singing 'Whatever Gets You Thru the Night' with me. Which was a great shot in the arm. I'd done three quarters of it, 'Now what do we do?' Should we put a camel on it or a xylophone? That sort of thing. And he came in and said, 'Hey, I'll play some piano!'"[7] Another notable track is "Nobody Loves You (When You're Down and Out)", although written in 1973[32] shortly after Lennon was in Los Angeles,[16][33][34] was later remembered by Lennon in an interview for Playboy magazine as expressing his feeling for the whole lost weekend period. Lennon imagined Frank Sinatra singing it: "I don't know why. It's kind of a Sinatraesque song, really. He would do a perfect job with it. Are you listening Frank? You need one song that isn't a piece of nothing. Here's one for you, the horn arrangement and everything's made for you. But don't ask me to produce it."[35]

Album artwork

Originally, Lennon planned to use some of his childhood drawings for the cover of an oldies album he had begun in 1973, but when he put that on hold to record Walls and Bridges, he decided to use the artwork already in production.[36][37] The album's elaborate outer jacket featured some of his drawings,[15] including one portraying a game of football (with a player wearing 9, foreshadowing his lifelong fascination with that number),[38] and a series of photos of his face with different expressions. The front cover contained two flaps which, when folded, would create several interchangeable "Lennon faces", some of them silly.[20]

The full-size booklet inside included a front photo of Lennon with no glasses and a back photo of Lennon with five pairs of glasses piled on top of one another, both by American photographer Bob Gruen. The inner sleeve contained another portrait as well as a horizontal melange of the other photos.[11]

Inside the booklet were lyrics and instrumental credits for the songs, which conveyed Lennon's trademark sense of humour, with many aliases for himself including Rev. Thumbs Ghurkin, Dwarf McDougal, Mel Torment, Hon. John St. John Johnson, Dr. Dream and Dr. Winston O'Boogie.[20] More 1952 colour drawings from the 11-year-old Lennon were included, with subjects varied from the American Old West (dedicated to his aunt and guardian, Mimi Smith) to landscapes to a portrait of his schoolteacher, Mr Bob.[38] (In 2005, an art exhibit was held at 251 Menlove Avenue in Liverpool that showcased these and other early efforts.[38]) Also included was a genealogical treatise on the surname Lennon and related forms from one of Edward MacLysaght's books. While mentioning the British sailor John Lennon and the American labour leader John Brown Lennon of many decades past, the entry ends with a slight about the surname family generally being undistinguished, to which Lennon offered a hand-written "Oh Yeh?" Finally, the booklet contains a claim that Lennon saw an unidentified flying object on the evening 23 August 1974.[11]

Release and promotion

Unsure of which track should be the album's lead single, Lennon enlisted the help of Al Coury, vice-president of marketing for Capitol. Lennon had been impressed with the "magic" that Coury displayed in the success of McCartney's Band on the Run album. Coury chose "Whatever Gets You thru the Night" as the first single.[6] Lennon's album was released on 26 September 1974 in the US, and on 4 October 1974 in the UK.[39] In America, Walls and Bridges rose quickly up the Billboard 200 albums chart, debuting on 12 October and reaching the top ten on 2 November.[40] On 22 October 1974, Walls and Bridges was awarded gold record status in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America.[41] The album[nb 3] and the single[nb 4] topped Billboard's listings during the same week (16 November),[43] while in the UK the album[nb 5] reached number 6, and the single[nb 6] peaked at number 36.[42] Walls and Bridges spent a total of 27 weeks on the Billboard 200.[40]

The album was also released in quadrophonic but only on 8-track in the US.[nb 7][44] "#9 Dream", backed with "What You Got", was released as a single in the US[nb 8] on 16 December 1974, and a month later in the UK,[nb 9] on 24 January 1975.[45] The single peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 23 in the UK.[45]

During the recording of "Whatever Gets You thru the Night", Elton John bet Lennon that it would top the charts. Never believing it would, Lennon agreed to perform live with John if it did.[5] Having lost the wager, Lennon appeared at John's Madison Square Garden show on 28 November, performing Lennon's current number 1 hit together as well as the Beatles' "I Saw Her Standing There" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".[5][46] All three tracks were later released as an EP, 28th November 1974, in 1981.[nb 10][5] Lennon later played tambourine on John's "The Bitch Is Back".[5] This was Lennon's last major live performance.[46]

Walls and Bridges had a popular ad campaign (created by Lennon) called "Listen To This ..." (button, photo, sticker, ad, poster, and T-shirt).[44] The backs of 500 New York City buses were plastered with "Listen To This Bus". Television and radio commercials featuring a voiceover from Ringo Starr[44] depicted the album jacket with its many 'Lennon' faces. Lennon would return the favour and do the voiceover for the commercials for Starr's Goodnight Vienna album. Shortly after its release, Lennon personally mixed a true quadrophonic version of the album ("for the 20 people who buy quad", he joked in his 1974 WNEW-FM radio interview in New York). In the UK, EMI released an interview single,[nb 11] between Bob Mercer and Lennon, produced by Lennon for the EMI sales representatives.[44]

Reception

Contemporary reviews

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[47]
All-Music Guide to Rock
Robert ChristgauB–[48]
Mojo[49]
The Music Box[50]
MusicHound2.5/5[51]
Paste[52]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[53]
Uncut[54]
Uncut (2010)[55]

Walls and Bridges received a mixed response from contemporary music critics,[56] although it still garnered Lennon his most favourable reviews since his 1971 album Imagine.[57] Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone magazine said he felt that songs on side two such as "#9 Dream" and "Surprise Surprise" make the album "diverse and spirited", but that side one's songs about Lennon's emotional loss were inconsistent. Gerson also opined that only "Scared" "throbs with the primal fear and sense of confinement of his earlier solo LPs".[58] Robert Christgau, writing for The Village Voice, gave it a "C" (retrospectively raised to a "B–") and attributed the songs' lack of quality to Lennon's "disorientation and lost conviction".[59] In his review for Melody Maker, Ray Coleman described Lennon as "the most interesting ex-Beatle" and concluded of Walls and Bridges: "This is a truly superb album by any standards, words and music a joy to hear, by a musician who has a rare talent for selling love without making you cringe."[60] In another positive review, Billboard found the album's production "superb", its ballads "marvelously handled", and all songs "done in a skillfully professional style". The magazine cited it as possibly Lennon's "most versatile and musically excellent album yet".[61]

Writing for the NME, Charles Shaar Murray described the musicianship as "faultless, if a trifle pedestrian" and the production "as smooth and silky as any discerning hi-fi buff could want", but considered the songs to be "mostly a drag, and worse, most of them are solidly rooted in the Lennonlore of old". While deriding "Nobody Loves You When You're Down and Out" as "the rankest and most offensive piece of self-pity that Lennon has yet indulged in", Shaar Murray concluded of the album: "None of this mediocre waste is worthy of the man who wrote 'Working Class Hero' and 'I Found Out'."[62] In another unfavourable review, for Creem, Wayne Robins described Walls and Bridges as "the latest chapter in John Lennon's Identity Crisis" and a work made up of "weary cliches". Of the two tracks that he deemed "good", Robins added: "'Old Dirt Road' shows the brilliant instinct for phrasing and rhythm of language that a guy named John Lennon used to have before he started hiding behind walls of aliases like Dr. Winston O'Boogie, and sleeping under bridges played by that Plastic Ono Sominex Band. ZZzzzzz."[63]

In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, NME journalists Roy Carr and Tony Tyler characterised the album as "generally lacklustre", saying that the lyrics "seem mechanical, cranked-out, like well-worn conversational gambits", while praising the "abrasive" quality of his voice and the "excellent" musicianship.[57] In a Rolling Stone feature on Lennon that same year, Pete Hamill wrote that the album's music was "wonderful" and that "the songs were essays in autobiography, the words and music of a man trying to understand a huge part of his life."[7] In his 1977 book The Beatles Forever, Nicholas Schaffner opined that the album's "searing emotional intensity" recalled Lennon's 1970 John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, while the "richly textured arrangements and melodic diversity" harkened back to Imagine.[20] In the first edition of The Rolling Stone Record Guide (1979), Greil Marcus gave the album two stars out of five, saying that it, along with Mind Games, lacked a real point of view and that "with what appeared to be panic, [Lennon had] substituted production techniques for soul, building a bridge to his listeners with his sound but erecting a wall around himself with empty music."[64]

Legacy

Writing in The All-Music Guide to Rock (1995), William Ruhlmann described Walls and Bridges as "craftsmanlike pop-rock" with "some lovely album tracks".[65] Uncut gave it four stars and asserted that "Whatever Gets You Through the Night" "remains one of Lennon's best post-Beatles achievements".[54] AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine finds the album "decidedly uneven", "containing equal amounts of brilliance and nonsense", with the lesser tracks "weighed down by weak melodies and heavy over-production".[66] In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide of 2004, "#9 Dream" was singled out for praise as "a heavily atmospheric number boasting cool cellos and fine singing".[67] Lennon biographer Philip Norman wrote in 2008 that "Most of the tracks had an upbeat, brassy feel, strangely at odds with John's recurrent, often desperate admissions of longing for Yoko", and that the chord sequences used often echoed those from his previous work with Ono.[9]

Aftermath and reissues

Walls and Bridges was Lennon's last album of original material until 1980's Double Fantasy, although a follow-up, titled Between the Lines, was planned for late 1975.[10] Tony King, an Apple vice-president, confirms this.[10] King also says that Carlos Alomar was to hire a group of black musicians, and that Lennon had written the song "Tennessee" for the album.[10] In a 1975 interview for the Old Grey Whistle Test, Lennon indicated he was planning a new album and a TV special.[10]

Walls and Bridges was first re-released on vinyl in the US in 1978, then again in 1982, and 1989, on Capitol.[44] After Lennon's death, the album, along with seven other Lennon albums, was reissued by EMI as part of a box set, which was released in the UK on 15 June 1981.[nb 12][68] It was re-released on vinyl in the UK in 1985, on the Parlophone label.[nb 13][19] Walls and Bridges was first released on CD on 20 July 1987 in the UK,[nb 14][19] and nearly a year later in the US, on 19 April 1988.[nb 15][44] The album was released again on vinyl, this time as part of EMI's limited edition "The Millennium Vinyl Collection" series, in 1999.[nb 16][19]

Walls and Bridges was released in a remixed and remastered form in November 2005[nb 17][nb 18] (although four of the original tracks – "Old Dirt Road", "Bless You", "Scared" and "Nobody Loves You" – were not remixed). The remastered version featured an alternative cover. This new cover retained Lennon's signature and hand-written title, but used one of the portraits Bob Gruen took for the album instead of Lennon's childhood drawings. The bonus tracks for the reissue include "Whatever Gets You thru The Night" performed live with Elton John, a previously unreleased acoustic version of "Nobody Loves You (When You're Down And Out)", and a promotional interview with Lennon.

Capitol again reissued the album on 4 October 2010. This version was a remaster of the original album mixes and used the original cover art; the album was available separately[nb 19] or as part of the John Lennon Signature Box.[nb 20]

Track listing

All songs were written by John Lennon, except where noted.

Side one
  1. "Going Down on Love" – 3:54
  2. "Whatever Gets You thru the Night" – 3:28
  3. "Old Dirt Road" (Lennon, Harry Nilsson) – 4:11
  4. "What You Got" – 3:09
  5. "Bless You" – 4:38
  6. "Scared" – 4:36
Side two
  1. "#9 Dream" – 4:47
  2. "Surprise, Surprise (Sweet Bird of Paradox)" – 2:55
  3. "Steel and Glass" – 4:37
  4. "Beef Jerky" – 3:26
  5. "Nobody Loves You (When You're Down and Out)" – 5:08
  6. "Ya Ya" (Morgan Robinson, Lee Dorsey, Clarence Lewis, Morris Levy) – 1:06
2005 bonus tracks
  1. "Whatever Gets You thru the Night" – 4:23
    • Live with the Elton John band
  2. "Nobody Loves You (When You're Down and Out)" – 5:07
    • Alternative version
  3. "John Interview (by Bob Mercer)" – 3:47

Personnel

Credits were adapted from the album booklet.[11]

Plastic Ono Nuclear Band
Additional personnel

Charts

Weekly charts

Chart (1974–75) Position
Australian Kent Music Report Chart[75] 4
Canadian RPM Albums Chart[76][77] 1
Danish Albums Chart[78] 7
Dutch Mega Albums Chart[79] 16
Italian LP Chart[80] 11
Japanese Oricon LP Chart[81] 14
Norwegian VG-lista Albums Chart[82] 3
Swedish Albums Chart[83] 6
UK Albums Chart[84] 6
US Billboard 200[85] 1
West German Media Control Albums Chart[86] 41

Year-end charts

Chart (1974) Position
Australian Albums Chart[75] 26
Canadian Albums Chart[87] 17
Chart (1975) Position
Canadian Albums Chart[88] 44
US Billboard Year-End[89] 84

Certifications

Region Certification Sales/shipments
United Kingdom (BPI)[90] Silver 60,000^
United States (RIAA)[91] Gold 500,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
xunspecified figures based on certification alone

References

Footnotes
  1. ↑ An alternate take was included on John Lennon Anthology.[18]
  2. ↑ Despite Lennon's animosity towards Klein, he was staying at Klein's home when he wrote "Steel and Glass".[14] Whenever Lennon was asked if the song was about Klein, Lennon denied it.[14]
  3. ↑ US Apple SW 3416[5]
  4. ↑ US Apple APPLE 1874[42]
  5. ↑ UK Apple PCTC 253[5]
  6. ↑ US Apple R 5898[42]
  7. ↑ US Apple Q8W-3416[5]
  8. ↑ US Apple APPLE 1878[45]
  9. ↑ UK Apple R 5903[45]
  10. ↑ UK DJS 10965[5]
  11. ↑ UK Apple PSR 369[44]
  12. ↑ UK EMI JLB8[68]
  13. ↑ UK Parlophone ATAK 43[19]
  14. ↑ UK EMI CDP 7 467 68 2[44]/CD PCTC 253[69]
  15. ↑ US EMI CDP 7 46768 2[70]
  16. ↑ Europe Apple MILL 99[19]/4994641[44]
  17. ↑ Europe Apple/Parlophone 0946 3 40971 2 3/340 9712[71]
  18. ↑ US Capitol CDP 0946 3 40971 2 3[72]
  19. ↑ US Capitol 5099990650321[73]
  20. ↑ Europe EMI 5099990650925[74]
Citations
  1. ↑ http://www.discogs.com/John-Lennon-Walls-And-Bridges/master/72957
  2. ↑ Cepeda, Adrian Ernesto (18 November 2010). "'Bring on the Lucie': Lennon's Last Overtly Political Stand". PopMatters. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  3. ↑ Edmondson, Jacqueline (2010). John Lennon: A Biography (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-313-37938-3.
  4. ↑ Burlingame, Jeff (2010). John Lennon: "Imagine" (Library ed.). Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7660-3675-8.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Blaney, John (2005). John Lennon: Listen to This Book (illustrated ed.). [S.l.]: Paper Jukebox. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-9544528-1-0.
  6. 1 2 3 Pang, May (2008). Instamatic Karma: Photographs of John Lennon. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37741-0.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Hamill, Pete (5 June 1975). "John Lennon: Long Night's Journey into Day". Rolling Stone.
  8. 1 2 3 Blaney 2005, p. 142
  9. 1 2 3 Norman, Philip (2008). John Lennon: The Life. New York: HarperCollins. p. 735. ISBN 978-0-06-075401-3.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Blaney 2005, p. 143
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Walls and Bridges (Booklet). John Lennon. Apple, EMI. 1974.
  12. ↑ Blaney 2005, p. 145
  13. 1 2 3 Blaney 2005, p. 148
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Blaney 2005, p. 149
  15. 1 2 3 4 Edmondson 2010, p. 155
  16. 1 2 Blaney 2005, p. 150
  17. ↑ Norman 2008, p. 736
  18. 1 2 Blaney 2005, p. 168
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Calkin, Graham. "Walls And Bridges". Jpgr.co.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schaffner, Nicholas (1977). The Beatles Forever. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Cameron House. p. 174. ISBN 0-8117-0225-1.
  21. 1 2 Blaney, J. (2007). Lennon and McCartney: together alone : a critical discography of their solo work. Jawbone Press. pp. 93, 95. ISBN 978-1-906002-02-2.
  22. ↑ Blaney 2005, p. 146
  23. ↑ Norman 2008, p. 743
  24. ↑ Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000). Eight Arms To Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. 44.1 Productions. ISBN 0-615-11724-4.
  25. 1 2 Blaney 2005, p. 147
  26. ↑ Blaney 2005, p. 138
  27. ↑ Urish, B. & Bielen, K. 2007, p. 58
  28. ↑ du Noyer, P. (1999). John Lennon: Whatever Gets You Through the Night. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 83. ISBN 1-56025-210-3.
  29. ↑ Urish, B. & Bielen, K. (2007). The Words and Music of John Lennon. Praeger. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-275-99180-7.
  30. ↑ Jackson, A.G. (2012). Still the Greatest: The Essential Solo Beatles Songs. Scarecrow Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8108-8222-5.
  31. ↑ Rogan, J. (1997). The Complete Guide to the Music of John Lennon. Omnibus Press. pp. 92–93, 144. ISBN 0-7119-5599-9.
  32. ↑ "WebVoyage Record View 1". Cocatalog.loc.gov. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  33. ↑ Jackson 2012, p. 124–126
  34. ↑ Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 102
  35. ↑ "1980 Playboy Interview With John Lennon And Yoko Ono by David Sheff". John-Lennon.com. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  36. ↑ "Beatle Brunch looks back 30 years ago this month to a very special Lennon anniversary". Joe Johnson's Beatle Brunch. 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  37. ↑ John Lennon, Interview, WNEW-FM New York, September 1974
  38. 1 2 3 Herbert, Ian (19 July 2005). "When I'm 65: art exhibition marks Lennon's birthday". The Independent (London).
  39. ↑ Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1975). All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961−1975. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 140. ISBN 0-345-25680-8.
  40. 1 2 Castleman & Podrazik 1975, p. 365
  41. ↑ Castleman & Podrazik 1975, p. 332
  42. 1 2 3 Blaney 2005, p. 135
  43. ↑ Castleman & Podrazik 1975, pp. 354, 365
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Blaney 2005, p. 144
  45. 1 2 3 4 Blaney 2005, p. 151
  46. 1 2 Edmondson 2010, p. 157
  47. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Walls and Bridges - John Lennon". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  48. ↑ "Consumer Guide (49): Oct. 24, 1974". Robert Christgau. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  49. ↑ Doyle, Tom (November 2010). "John Lennon Signature Box". Mojo. p. 114.
  50. ↑ Metzger, John (2011-04-14). "John Lennon - Walls and Bridges (Album Review)". Musicbox-online.com. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  51. ↑ Gary Graff & Daniel Durchholz (eds), MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide, Visible Ink Press (Farmington Hills, MI, 1999), p. 667.
  52. ↑ Kemp, Mark (23 October 2007). "John Lennon – Reissues". Paste. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  53. ↑ "John Lennon: Album Guide | Rolling Stone Music". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  54. 1 2 "John Lennon – Walls and Bridges CD Album". CD Universe. Muze. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  55. ↑ Mullholland, Garry (November 2010). "John Lennon – Remasters". Uncut. p. 108. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  56. ↑ Gaar, Gillian G. (2013). 100 Things Beatles Fans Should Know and Do Before They Die. Triumph Books. ISBN 1623682029. John's next albums, Some Time in New York City (1972), Mind Games (1973), and Walls and Bridges (1974), received mixed reviews.
  57. 1 2 Carr, Roy; Tyler, Tony (1975). The Beatles: An Illustrated Record. New York: Harmony Books. p. 112. ISBN 0-517-52045-1.
  58. ↑ Gerson, Ben (21 November 1974). "Review: Walls and Bridges". Rolling Stone (New York). Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  59. ↑ Christgau, Robert (24 October 1974). "Consumer Guide (49)". The Village Voice (New York). Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  60. ↑ Sutherland, Steve, ed. (2003). "Chapter 3: Say You Want a Revolution". NME Originals: Lennon. London: IPC Ignite!. p. 114.
  61. ↑ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (5 October 1974). "Top Album Picks". Billboard (New York) 86 (40): 78. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  62. ↑ Shaar Murray, Charles (5 October 1974). "John Lennon: Walls And Bridges". New Musical Express. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  63. ↑ Robins, Wayne (January 1975). "John Lennon: Walls And Bridges (Apple)". Creem. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  64. ↑ The Rolling Stone Record Guide. Ed. Dave Marsh and John Swenson. New York: Random House, 1979. ISBN 0-394-73535-8. p. 219
  65. ↑ Ruhlmann, William; et al. (October 1995). Erlewine, Michael, ed. The All-Music Guide to Rock. Miller Freeman, Inc. ISBN 087930376X. Craftsmanlike pop-rock featuring the uptempo #1 hit 'Whatever Gets You Through the Night,' its Top Ten followup, '#9 Dream,' and some lovely album tracks.
  66. ↑ "Walls and Bridges - John Lennon". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  67. ↑ "John Lennon: Album Guide". p. 482. Retrieved 26 March 2013. Portions of this album guide appeared in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (Fireside, 2004).
  68. 1 2 Blaney 2005, p. 203
  69. ↑ "John Lennon - Walls And Bridges (1987 UK CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  70. ↑ "John Lennon - Walls And Bridges (1988 US CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  71. ↑ "John Lennon - Walls And Bridges (2005 Europe CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  72. ↑ "John Lennon - Walls And Bridges (2005 US CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  73. ↑ "John Lennon - Mind Games (2010 US CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  74. ↑ "John Lennon - John Lennon Signature Box (Box Set, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  75. 1 2 Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  76. ↑ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 22, No. 15, November 30, 1974". RPM. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  77. ↑ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 23, No. 4, March 22, 1975". RPM. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  78. ↑ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (2 November 1974). Billboard Hits of the World. Billboard. p. 53. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  79. ↑ "dutchcharts.nl John Lennon - Walls And Bridges". Hung Medien, dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  80. ↑ Russino, Riccardo. Oliva, Vincenzo. John Lennon. You May Say I'm a Dreamer - Testi commentati, Arcana, 2014, pag.263, ISBN 978-88-6231-410-7
  81. ↑ a-ビートルズ "- Yamachan Land (Archives of the Japanese record charts) - Albums Chart Daijiten - The Beatles" Check |url= value (help) (in Japanese). 30 December 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  82. ↑ "norwegiancharts.com John Lennon - Walls And Bridges". VG-lista. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  83. ↑ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (9 November 1974). Billboard. Billboard Hits of the World. p. 50. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  84. ↑ "Chart Stats - John Lennon - Walls And Bridges". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  85. ↑ "allmusic ((( Walls and Bridges > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". allmusic.com. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  86. ↑ "Album Search: John Lennon" (in German). Media Control. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  87. ↑ "RPM Top 100 Albums of 1974". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  88. ↑ "RPM Top 100 Albums of 1975". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  89. ↑ "Top Pop Albums of 1975". billboard.biz. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  90. ↑ "British album certifications – John Lennon – Walls and Bridges". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Walls and Bridges in the field Keywords. Select Title in the field Search by. Select album in the field By Format. Select Silver in the field By Award. Click Search
  91. ↑ "American album certifications – John Lennon – Walls and Bridges". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Preceded by
Wrap Around Joy by Carole King		 Billboard 200 number-one album
16–22 November 1974 		Succeeded by
It's Only Rock 'n' Roll by The Rolling Stones
Preceded by
Not Fragile by Bachman–Turner Overdrive		 Canadian RPM Chart number-one album
30 November 1974 		Succeeded by
Photographs & Memories by Jim Croce
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