Rüppell's fox
| Rüppell's fox[1] | |
|---|---|
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Genus: | Vulpes |
| Species: | V. rueppellii |
| Binomial name | |
| Vulpes rueppellii (Schinz, 1825) | |
 | |
| Rüppell's fox range | |
The Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii), also spelled Rueppell's fox, is a species of fox living in North Africa, the Middle East, and southwestern Asia.[1] It is named after the German naturalist Eduard Rüppell. The Rüppell's fox is also called the sand fox, but this terminology is confusing because the corsac fox (Vulpes corsac) and the Tibetan sand fox (Vulpes ferrilata) are also known as "sand foxes".
Description
The Rüppell's fox is a small fox, measuring 66 to 74 cm (26 to 29 in) in total length, including a 27 to 30 cm (11 to 12 in) tail. Males appear somewhat larger than females, but both sexes are reported to have an average weight of 1.7 kg (3.7 lb). The coat is sandy in color, ticked with numerous white hairs, and fading from reddish along the middle of the back to pure white on the animal's underparts and on the tip of its tail. The head has a more rusty tone on the muzzle and forehead, with dark brown patches on the sides of the muzzle, stretching up towards the eyes. The chin and the sides of the face are white. The whiskers are long, reaching 7 cm (2.8 in), and the tail is bushy.[3]
The Rüppell's fox has fur on the pads on its feet,[3] that possibly helps distribute its weight and move easily on sand, and keeps the hot sand from burning their feet. Similar to other desert dwelling foxes, the Rüppell's fox has large ears to cool it off. Although adults are too large to confuse with fennec foxes, which live in the same area, young Rüppell's foxes can be confused with adults of that species. The larger ears, however, make them easy to distinguish from red and pale foxes, which also live in some the same areas. In addition, the coat of a Rüppell's fox is much paler than that of a red fox, while pale foxes lack the white tips on their tails.[3]
Distribution and habitat
The Rüppell's fox is found across North Africa south of the Atlas Mountains, from Mauritania and Morocco in the west to Egypt and Djibouti in the east. It is also found in the Arabian Peninsula southwards from Syria and Iraq, and as far east as Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Within this region, it prefers sandy or rocky deserts, but may also be found in semi-arid steppes and sparse scrub.[2]
Behavior
Rüppell's foxes are monogamous and either crepuscular or nocturnal, sheltering during the day in dens. Outside of the breeding season, these are small dens that can hold only one adult fox, and the animal typically changes dens every five days or so. Breeding dens are larger, and occupied by a pair of adults and their pups. Such dens can sometimes have more than one entrance, although this is unusual.[4] Most dens are dug under rocks, or under trees.
Rüppell's foxes have anal scent glands, which are used in greeting one another, and to spray predators. Females also use their scent glands to mark the cubbing den. They make a series of short barks during mating and, at other times, can also produce hisses, trills, and sharp whistles. They have been reported to wag their tails, like domestic dogs.[3]
Rüppell's foxes occupy distinct territories, which they mark with urine, but not with dung, as red foxes do. The territories of the members of a mated pair overlap almost completely, but are entirely separate from those of any neighboring pairs. These territories are maintained throughout the year, although the pair occupy separate dens outside of the mating season. The size of the territories varies with the local terrain, but has been reported as around 70 km2 (27 sq mi) in Oman, with those of males being larger, on average, than those of females.[4] The foxes range widely during their nocturnal foraging, travelling over 9 km (5.6 mi) in a night.[3]
The Rüppell's fox was pushed to living in the desert biome due to competition with its larger cousin, the red fox. It is known as being an extremely good survivor. Their only natural predators are the steppe eagle and the eagle-owl.[3]
Diet
Rüppell's foxes are omnivores, with a diet that varies considerably depending on what is locally available. In some regions, they are reported to be mainly insectivorous, especially feeding on beetles and orthopterans, while in others, small mammals, lizards, and birds form a larger part of their diet. Plants eaten include grass and desert succulents, along with fruits such as dates, and they have also been known to scavenge from human garbage.[3][4]
Reproduction
Mating occurs in November, a few weeks after the female has prepared her breeding den. Litters of up to six cubs, although more usually just two or three, are born after a gestation period of around 52–53 days.[3] The young are born blind,[3] and are weaned at 6–8 weeks of age. They reach independence at about four months, when they may travel up to 48 km (30 mi) in search of a suitable territory. They live for at least seven years in the wild, but have been reported to live for up to twelve years in captivity.[3]
Interaction with humans
For the past 100 years, the Rüppell's fox has been treated like a pest. The Rüppell's fox preys on many livestock animals in Arabia, including chickens, lambs, and young goats
Subspecies
Although some authors consider the Ruppell's fox to be monotypic, others list up to five subspecies:[1]
- Vulpes rueppellii rueppelli
- Vulpes rueppellii caesia
- Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica
- Vulpes rueppellii sabaea
- Vulpes rueppellii zarudneyi
Philately of the Rüppell's fox
The Libyan General Posts and Telecommunications Company (GPTC), in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature, dedicated a postal stamp issue to the Rüppell's fox on May 1, 2008. The issue is made of a set of four stamps printed in minisheets of two sets. The issue was completed with a special first day of issue cover having a special postmark.[5]
References
- 1 2 3 Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- 1 2 Cuzin, F., Lenain, D.M., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M., Nader, I., de Smet, K. & Murdoch, J. (2008). Vulpes rueppelli. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as least concern
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Larivière, S. & Seddon, P.J. (2001). "Vulpes rueppelli". Mammalian Species: Number 678: pp. 1–5. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2001)678<0001:VR>2.0.CO;2.
- 1 2 3 Lindsay, I.M. & Macdonald, D.W. (1986). "Behaviour and ecology of the Rüppell's fox Vulpes rueppelli, in Oman". Mammalia 50 (4): 461–474. doi:10.1515/mamm.1986.50.4.461.
- ↑ Libyan Stamps online
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