Voiceless bilabial fricative
This article is about the consonantal sound. For the Greek letter, see Phi (letter). For the Cyrillic letter, see Ef (Cyrillic).
| Voiceless bilabial fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɸ | |||
| IPA number | 126 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɸ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0278 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
p\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
P | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The voiceless bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɸ⟩. For English-speakers, it is easiest to think of the sound as an f-sound made only with the lips, instead of the upper teeth and lower lip, or a blowing sound.
Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ainu | フチ | [ɸu̜tʃi] | 'grandmother' | ||
| Angor | fi | [ɸi] | 'body' | ||
| Bengali | Eastern dialects | ফল/fol | [ɸɔl] | 'fruit' | Allophone of /f/ in Bangladesh and Tripura, /pʰ/ used in Western dialects. |
| Ewe[1] | éƒá | [é ɸá] | 'he polished' | Contrasts with /f/ | |
| Italian | Tuscan[2] | i capitani | [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] | 'the captains' | Intervocalic allophone of /p/.[2] See Italian phonology |
| Itelmen | чуфчуф | [tʃuɸtʃuɸ] | 'rain' | ||
| Japanese[3] | 腐敗/fuhai | [ɸɯhai] | 'decay' | Allophone of /h/ before /ɯ/. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kaingang | fy | [ɸɨ] | 'seed' | ||
| Kwama | [kòːɸɛ́] | 'basket' | |||
| Mao | [ʔɑ̄ˈɸɑ́ŋ] | 'empty' | |||
| Māori | whakapapa | [ɸakapapa] | 'genealogy' | ||
| Odoodee | pagai | [ɸɑɡɑi] | 'coconut' | ||
| Spanish | Many dialects | fuera | [ˈɸwe̞ɾa̠] | 'outside' | Non-standard variant of /f/. See Spanish phonology |
| Standard European[4] | pub | [ˈpa̠ɸ̞] | 'pub' | An approximant; allophone of /b/ before a pause.[4] See Spanish phonology | |
| North-Central Peninsular[5] | absoluto | [a̠ɸs̠o̟ˈlut̪o̟] | 'absolute' | Allophone of /b/ in the coda. In this dialect, the unvoiced coda obstruents - /p, t, k/ - are realized as fricatives only if they precede a voiced consonant; otherwise, they emerge as stops. | |
| pop latino | [ˈpo̞ɸ lä̝ˈt̪ino̟] | 'Latin pop' | |||
| Southern Peninsular[6] | los vuestros | [lɔʰ ˈɸːwɛʰtːɾɔʰ] | 'yours' | It varies with [βː] in some accents. Allophone of /b/ after /s/. | |
| Tahitian | 'ōfī | [ʔoːɸiː] | 'snake' | Allophone of /f/ | |
| Turkish | Some speakers[7] | ufuk | [uˈɸuk] | 'horizon' | Allophone of /f/ before rounded vowels and, to a lesser extent, word-finally after rounded vowels.[7] See Turkish phonology |
| Turkmen | fabrik | [ɸabrik] | 'factory' | ||
See also
References
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- 1 2 Hall (1944:75)
- ↑ Okada (1991:95)
- 1 2 Wetzels & Mascaró (2001), p. 224.
- ↑
- ↑ Pérez, Aguilar & Jiménez (1998:225–228)
- 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
Bibliography
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica (American Association of Teachers of Italian) 21 (2): 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Pérez, Ramón Morillo-Velarde; Aguilar, Rafael Cano; Jiménez, Antonio Narbona (1998), El Español hablado en Andalucía, ISBN 84-344-8225-8
- Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001), "The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing" (PDF), Language 77 (2): 207–244, doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123
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