Voiced palato-alveolar affricate
| Voiced palato-alveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| d͡ʒ | |||
| d͜ʒ | |||
| dʒ | |||
| d̠ʲʒ | |||
| IPA number | 104 135 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
d͡ʒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064 U+0361 U+0292 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
dZ or d_r_jZ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
dZ | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is ⟨dZ⟩. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.
Some scholars use the symbol /d͡ʒ/ to transcribe the laminal variant of the voiced retroflex affricate. In such cases, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant is transcribed /d͡ʒʲ/.
Features
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аџыр | [ad͡ʒər] | 'steel' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | джанэ |  [d͡ʒaːna] | 'dress' | ||
| Albanian | xham | [d͡ʒam] | 'glass' | ||
| Amharic | እንጀራ | [ɨnd͡ʒəra] | 'injera' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | جـرس/jaras | [d͡ʒaras] | 'bell' | In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ջուր | [d͡ʒuɾ] | 'water' | |
| Western | ճանճ | [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] | 'fly' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | jura | [d͡ʒuɾ:a] | 'big' | Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [g] is used in other varieties. | |
| Azerbaijani | ağac | [ɑɣɑd͡ʒ] | 'tree' | ||
| Bengali | জল | [d͡ʒɔl] | 'water' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Berber | Kabyle | lj̗Iran | [ld͡ʒiran] | 'the neighbors' | |
| Bulgarian | джудже | [ˈd͡ʒud͡ʒe] | 'dwarf' | ||
| Chechen | джерво / dzhyerwo | [d͡ʒjerwo] | 'previously married woman' | ||
| Chinese | Quzhou dialect of Wu | 重 | [d͡ʒõ] | 'Heavy' | |
| Coptic | ϫⲉ | [d͡ʒe] | 'that' | ||
| Czech | léčba | [lɛːd͡ʒba] | 'treatment' | See Czech phonology | |
| English | jump | [ˈd͡ʒʌmp] | 'jump ' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | manĝaĵo | [manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | gestir | [ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ] | 'guests ' | ||
| French | adjonction | [ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃] | 'addition' | Rare. See French phonology | |
| Georgian[3] | ჯიბე | [d͡ʒibɛ] | 'pocket' | ||
| German | Standard[4] | Dschungel | [ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl] | 'jungle' | Laminal or apico-laminal[4] and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See German phonology |
| Goemai | [d͡ʒaːn] | 'twins' | |||
| Hebrew | ג׳וק | [d͡ʒuk] | 'cockroach' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | जाना / جــانا | [d͡ʒɑːnɑː] | 'to go' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | lándzsa | [laːnd͡ʒɒ] | 'spear' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[5] | gemma | [ˈd͡ʒɛmma] | 'gem' | See Italian phonology | |
| Indonesian | jarak | [ˈd͡ʒarak] | 'distance' | ||
| Kashubian[6] | |||||
| Kurdish | ciger | [d͡ʒiɡɛɾ] | 'lung' | ||
| Kyrgyz | жаман | [d͡ʒaman] | 'bad' | ||
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[7] | djèn | [d͡ʒɛːn²] | 'Eugène' | |
| Lithuanian | džiaugsmingas | [d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs] | 'glad' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Macedonian | џемпер | [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] | 'sweater' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | jahat | [d͡ʒahat] | 'evil' | ||
| Manchu | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ | [d͡ʒuwe] | 'two' | ||
| Marathi | जय | [d͡ʒəj] | 'victory' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Occitan | Languedocien | jove | [ˈd͡ʒuβe] | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
| Provençal | [ˈd͡ʒuve] | ||||
| Ojibwe | ? | [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Pashto | جــګ | [d͡ʒeɡ] | 'high' | ||
| Persian | کُـجــا | [kod͡ʒɒ] | 'where' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | dziwny | [ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ] | 'strange' | /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate. |
| Lubawa dialect[8] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[8] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[8] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[8] | |||||
| Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects[9] | grande | [ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi] | 'big' | Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. |
| Most dialects | jambalaya | [d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ] | 'jambalaya' | In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | ger | [d͡ʒer] | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Campidanese | géneru | [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] | 'son-in-law' | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Dia | [d͡ʒia] | 'God' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | џем / džem | [d͡ʒê̞m] | 'jam' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
| Bosnian | ђаво / đavo | [d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː] | 'devil' | Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ]. | |
| Croatian | |||||
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[10] | These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ]. | |||
| Jablunkov[10] | |||||
| Somali | joog | [d͡ʒoːɡ] | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish | Many dialects | cónyuge | [ˈkõ̞ɲd͡ʒuxe̞] | 'spouse' | May correspond to [ɟʝ] in Castilian Spanish, or be a stigmatized dialectal realization of /ʝ/ and /ʎ/. See Spanish phonology |
| Some dialects | ayudar | [ad͡ʒuˈð̞ar] | 'to help' | ||
| Turkish | acı | [äˈd͡ʒɯ] | 'pain' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | jar | [d͡ʒär] | 'ravine' | ||
| Ubykh | [amd͡ʒan] | '?' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | джерело | [d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ] | 'source' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uyghur | جـوزا | [d͡ʒozɑ] | 'desk' | See Uyghur phonology | |
| West Frisian | siedzje | [ʃɪd͡ʒǝ] | 'to sow' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[11] | dxan | [d͡ʒaŋ] | 'god' | |
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
| Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| d̠͡ɹ̠˔ | |
| d̠͜ɹ̠˔ | |
| d̠ɹ̠˔ | |
| Sound | |
|
source · help |
Features
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | General American[12][13] | dream | [d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷiːm] | 'dream' | Phonetic realization of the sequence /dr/; less commonly alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[12] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[12][13] | |||||
See also
References
- ↑ Watson (2002:16)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- 1 2 3 Mangold (2005:51–52)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- ↑ Peters (2006:119)
- 1 2 3 4 Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- 1 2 Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:108)
- 1 2 3 Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188 and 192.
- 1 2 Wells (2008).
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
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