Viral disease

Viral disease
Classification and external resources
MeSH D014777

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1]

Structural characteristics

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.

There are five double-stranded DNA families: three are non enveloped (Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae) and two are enveloped (Herpesviridae and Poxviridae). All of the non-enveloped families have icosahedral capsids.

There is one family of partly double-stranded DNA viruses: Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.

There is one family of single-stranded DNA viruses that infect humans: Parvoviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped.

There are seven positive single-stranded RNA families: three non enveloped (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae) and four enveloped (Coronoviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae). All the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.

There are six negative single-stranded RNA families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Rhabdoviridae. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.

There is one family with a double-stranded RNA genome: Reoviridae.

There is one additional virus (Hepatitis D virus) which has not yet been assigned to a family but is clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.

There is one family and one genus of viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus. Both of these taxa are non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses.

Useful rules of thumb

Among the human infecting families there are a number of rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.

Four families have segmented genomes: Bunyaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae and Reoviridae (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.

Three families are transmitted almost exclusively by arthropods: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus and Togavirus. Some Reoviruses are transmitted from arthropod vectors as well. All are RNA viruses.[2]

Only one family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non enveloped.

These are tables of the clinically most important[3] viruses.

 Comparison table of clinically important virus families and species
Family Baltimore group Important species envelopment
Adenoviridae Group I (dsDNA)[3][4] Adenovirus[3][4] non-enveloped[3][4]
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA)[3][4] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8[5][6][7] enveloped[3][4]
Papillomaviridae Group I (dsDNA)[3][8] Human papillomavirus[3][8] non-enveloped[3][8]
Polyomaviridae Group I (dsDNA)[3][9] BK virus, JC virus[3][9] non-enveloped[3][9]
Poxviridae Group I (dsDNA)[3][4] Smallpox[3][4] enveloped[3][4]
Hepadnaviridae Group VII (dsDNA-RT)[3][10] Hepatitis B virus[3][4] enveloped[3][4]
Parvoviridae Group II (ssDNA)[3][4] Parvovirus B19[3][4] non-enveloped[3][4]
Astroviridae Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)[11] Human astrovirus[4] non-enveloped[4]
Caliciviridae Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)[12] Norwalk virus[4] non-enveloped[4]
Picornaviridae Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)[13] coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,[4] rhinovirus non-enveloped[4]
Coronaviridae Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)[14] Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus[4] enveloped[4]
Flaviviridae Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)[3][4][15] Hepatitis C virus,[3] yellow fever virus,[3] dengue virus,[3] West Nile virus,[3] TBE virus[4] enveloped[3][4]
Togaviridae Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)[3][4][16] Rubella virus[3] enveloped[3][4]
Hepeviridae Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)[17] Hepatitis E virus[4] non-enveloped[4][17]
Retroviridae Group VI (ssRNA-RT)[3][18] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[3][4] enveloped[3][4]
Orthomyxoviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)[3][19] Influenza virus[3][19] enveloped[3][19]
Arenaviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)[20] Lassa virus[4][20] enveloped[4][20]
Bunyaviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)[21] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus[4] enveloped[4][21]
Filoviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)[22] Ebola virus,[22] Marburg virus[22] enveloped[4]
Paramyxoviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)[23] Measles virus,[3] Mumps virus,[3] Parainfluenza virus,[3] Respiratory syncytial virus,[3][4] enveloped[3][23]
Rhabdoviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)[24] Rabies virus[3][4] enveloped[3][4]
Unassigned[25] Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)[25] Hepatitis D[25] enveloped[25]
Reoviridae Group III (dsRNA)[12] Rotavirus,[12] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus non-enveloped[4]

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae None[3][9]
  • Adenovirus vaccine[9]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None[3]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Epstein-Barr virus Herpesviridae None[3]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)[3]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae

Vertical and sexual[29]
Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions[3]
  • safe sex[3]
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage[3]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
HIV Retroviridae HAART,[3] such as protease inhibitors[32] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors[32]
  • zidovudine (perinatally)[3]
  • blood product screening[3]
  • safe sex[3]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact[3]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae None[3]
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None[3]
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None[3]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae None[3]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis[3]
Respiratory syncytial virus Paramyxoviridae (ribavirin)[3]
  • hand washing[3]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick[3]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals[3]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae None[3]
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact[3]
  • direct contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

Notes

In 2010 it was reported that the presence of a begomovirus (Pepper mild mottle virus) in the stool was associated with clinical disease and a specific immune response.[35] If this association can be confirmed it is the first known case of disease caused by a virus previously considered pathogenic only to plants.

Diagnosis and treatment

Clinical presentation is used to detect viral disease by looking for history of severe muscle and joint pains before fever and also detect skin rash and lymph gland swelling. Laboratory investigation is not necessary to detect viral infections, because no increase in the white blood cells, the laboratory investigation is done to find other bacterial infections, if it is suspected. Viruses commonly have self-limited life, so treatment is usually reduce the symptoms only and antipyretic and analgesic drugs are commonly being used.[36]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Taylor, M.P.; Kobiler, O.; Enquist, L. W. (2012). "Alphaherpesvirus axon-to-cell spread involves limited virion transmission" 106. PNAS: 17046–17051.
  2. ↑ Hunt, M. "Arboviruses". University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 354–366. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Table 1 in: Dimitrov, Dimiter S. (2004). "Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications". Nature Reviews Microbiology 2 (2): 109–122. doi:10.1038/nrmicro817. ISSN 1740-1526.
  5. ↑ Adams, MJ; Carstens EB (Jul 2012). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)". Arch Virol. 157 (7): 1411–22. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMID 22481600.
  6. ↑ Whitley RJ (1996). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
  7. ↑ Murray PR; Rosenthal KS; Pfaller MA (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-03303-9.
  8. 1 2 3 de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. (2004). "Classification of papillomaviruses". Virology 324 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033. PMID 15183049.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Polyomavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  10. ↑ Blaine T. Smith, Brian Luke Seaward. Pharmacology for Nurses. Jones & Bartlett Publishers=year=2014. ISBN 9781449689407.
  11. ↑ Murillo A, Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Méndez E, Arias CF (2015). "Identification of Host Cell Factors Associated with Astrovirus Replication in Caco-2 Cells". J. Virol. 89 (20): 10359–70. doi:10.1128/JVI.01225-15. PMID 26246569.
  12. 1 2 3 Page 273 in: Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. 2010. ISBN 9781420084962.
  13. ↑ Tuthill, Tobias J.; Groppelli, Elisabetta; Hogle, James M.; Rowlands, David J. (2010). "Picornaviruses". Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 343: 43–89. doi:10.1007/82_2010_37. ISSN 0070-217X.
  14. ↑ Stapleford, Kenneth A.; Miller, David J. (2010). "Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function". Viruses 2 (5): 1055–1068. doi:10.3390/v2051055. ISSN 1999-4915.
  15. ↑ Cook, S.; Moureau, G.; Harbach, R. E.; Mukwaya, L.; Goodger, K.; Ssenfuka, F.; Gould, E.; Holmes, E. C.; de Lamballerie, X. (2009). "Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda". Journal of General Virology 90 (11): 2669–2678. doi:10.1099/vir.0.014183-0. ISSN 0022-1317.
  16. ↑ Simon-Loriere, Etienne; Holmes, Edward C. (2011). "Why do RNA viruses recombine?". Nature Reviews Microbiology 9 (8): 617–626. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2614. ISSN 1740-1526.
  17. 1 2 "Hepeviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  18. ↑ "Retroviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Orthomyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  20. 1 2 3 "Arenaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  21. 1 2 "Bunyaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  22. 1 2 3 "Filoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Paramyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Rhabdoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "Deltavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  26. 1 2 3 4 "Enterovirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  27. ↑ Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (September 2014). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome". Cleve Clin J Med 81 (9): 537–43. doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132. PMID 25183845.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "Picornaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Hepadnaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  30. 1 2 "Flaviviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Herpesviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 "Human immunodeficiency virus 1". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  33. 1 2 3 4 "Papillomaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  34. 1 2 3 "Togaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  35. ↑ Colson P., Richet H., Desnues C., Balique F., Moal V., Grob J., Berbis P., Lecoq H., Harlé J., Berland Y., Raoult D. (2010). "Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, a Plant Virus Associated with Specific Immune Responses, Fever, Abdominal Pains, and Pruritus in Humans". PLoS ONE 5 (4): e10041. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010041. PMC 2850318. PMID 20386604.
  36. ↑ "Viral Fever". Web Health Centre. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
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