Isogonal figure

In geometry, a polytope (a polygon, polyhedron or tiling, for example) is isogonal or vertex-transitive if, loosely speaking, all its vertices are the same. That implies that each vertex is surrounded by the same kinds of face in the same or reverse order, and with the same angles between corresponding faces.

Technically, we say that for any two vertices there exists a symmetry of the polytope mapping the first isometrically onto the second. Other ways of saying this are that the group of automorphisms of the polytope is transitive on its vertices, or that the vertices lie within a single symmetry orbit.

All vertices of a finite n-dimensional isogonal figure exist on an (n-1)-sphere.

The term isogonal has long been used for polyhedra. Vertex-transitive is a synonym borrowed from modern ideas such as symmetry groups and graph theory.

The pseudorhombicuboctahedron — which is not isogonal — demonstrates that simply asserting that "all vertices look the same" is not as restrictive as the definition used here, which involves the group of isometries preserving the polyhedron or tiling.

Isogonal polygons and apeirogons

Isogonal apeirogons
Isogonal skew apeirogons

All regular polygons, apeirogons and regular star polygons are isogonal. The dual of an isogonal polygon is an isotoxal polygon.

Some even-sided polygons and apeirogons which alternate two edge lengths, for example rectangle, are isogonal.

All planar isogonal 2n-gons have dihedral symmetry (Dn, n=2,3,...) with reflection lines across the mid-edge points.

D2 D3 D4 D7

Isogonal rectangles and crossed rectangles sharing the same vertex arrangement

Isogonal hexagram with 6 identical vertices and 2 edge lengths.[1]

Isogonal convex octagon with blue and red radial lines of reflection

Isogonal "star" tetradecagon with one vertex type, and two edge types[2]

Isogonal polyhedra and 2D tilings

Isogonal tilings
Distorted square tiling
A distorted
truncated square tiling

An isogonal polyhedron and 2D tiling has a single kind of vertex. An isogonal polyhedron with all regular faces is also a uniform polyhedron and can be represented by a vertex configuration notation sequencing the faces around each vertex. Geometrically distorted variations of uniform polyhedra and tilings can also be given the vertex configuration.

Isogonal polyhedra
D3d, order 12 Th, order 24 Oh, order 48
4.4.6 3.4.4.4 4.6.8 3.8.8

A distorted hexagonal prism

A distorted rhombicuboctahedron

A shallow truncated cuboctahedron

A hyper-truncated cube

Isogonal polyhedra and 2D tilings may be further classified:

N dimensions: Isogonal polytopes and tessellations

These definitions can be extended to higher-dimensional polytopes and tessellations. Most generally, all uniform polytopes are isogonal, for example, the uniform 4-polytopes and convex uniform honeycombs.

The dual of an isogonal polytope is called an isotope which is transitive on its facets.

k-isogonal and k-uniform figures

A polytope or tiling may be called k-isogonal if its vertices form k transitivity classes. A more restrictive term, k-uniform is defined as an k-isogonal figure constructed only from regular polygons. They can be represented visually with colors by different uniform colorings.


This truncated rhombic dodecahedron is 2-isogonal because it contains two transitivity classes of vertices. This polyhedron is made of squares and flattened hexagons.

This demiregular tiling is also 2-isogonal (and 2-uniform). This tiling is made of equilateral triangle and regular hexagonal faces.

2-isogonal 9/4 enneagram

See also

References

  1. Coxeter, The Densities of the Regular Polytopes II, p54-55, "hexagram" vertex figure of h{5/2,5}.
  2. The Lighter Side of Mathematics: Proceedings of the Eugène Strens Memorial Conference on Recreational Mathematics and its History, (1994), Metamorphoses of polygons, Branko Grünbaum, Figure 1. Parameter t=2.0

External links

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