Valediction

For other uses, see Valediction (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with malediction.

A valediction (derivation from Latin vale dicere, "to say farewell"),[1] or complimentary close in American English,[2] is an expression used to say farewell, especially a word or phrase used to end a letter or message,[3][4] or the act of saying parting words whether brief or extensive.

For the greetings counterpart to valediction, see salutation.

Alternatively, valediction can refer to the final prayers and remarks at the graveside before burial given by the presiding priest, after the Mass and the rite of Final Commendation, during a Roman Catholic funeral service, or to a speech given by a valedictorian at a commencement.

English

Valedictions normally immediately precede the signature in written correspondence. The word or words used express respect, esteem, or regard for the person to whom the correspondence is directed, and the exact form used depends on a number of factors[5] — including:

Conventions also change over time and differ according to language.

English valedictions typically contain the possessive pronoun "yours". "Yours faithfully", "Yours truly", or "Yours sincerely" (or its American English variant, "Sincerely yours"). Earlier style closings were usually much longer, and often a complete sentence.

Formal valediction

English language valediction typically contain the word yours, a contraction of your servant; valediction was traditionally voluminous, a complete sentence of the form:

I am, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,
A.B.

or

I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,
A.B.

or

I have the honour to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
A.B.

This form is occasionally abbreviated to

I have, etc.
A.B.

or

I remain, Sir, your faithful and obedient servant,
A.B.

This form is occasionally abbreviated to

Your obt svt,
A.B.

The phrase et cetera may be used in place of the remainder of the valediction, as in

I am, etc.,
A.B.

or

Yours, &c.,
A.B.

as well as

YOS,
A.B.

In modern English, highly formal valediction includes

Sincerely, I am,
A.B.

Yours aye

"Yours aye" is a Scottish expression[6] meaning "yours always", and is occasionally used by sailors or people working in a maritime context. It can also be used as an email sign off meaning "your friend".

Yours, etc.

Used historically for abbreviated endings. Can be found in older newspaper letters to the editor, and often in US legal correspondence. "&c." may be seen instead of "etc." (see et cetera).

In Jane Austen books, some letters are signed Yours, etc. or Yours Sincerely, etc.

Yours hopefully

"Yours hopefully" is occasionally used in letters of respect or complaint.

Yours sincerely or faithfully

In British English, valedictions, especially formal ones, have largely been replaced by the use of "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully". "Yours sincerely" is a shorter form of the archaic "I am yours sincerely", while similarly "Yours faithfully" is a contraction of "I remain, Sir, your faithful and obedient servant". "Yours sincerely" is typically employed in English when the recipient is addressed by name (e.g. "Dear John") and is known to the sender to some degree, whereas "Yours faithfully" is used when the recipient is not addressed by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam") or when the recipient is not known personally by the sender.[7] One way to remember this is the saying "S and S never go together" (for Sir and Sincerely respectively) or remembering "Sir Faithful". When the recipient's name is known, but not previously met or spoken with, some people prefer the use of the more distant Yours faithfully, at the risk of annoying the recipient.

In American English, "Sincerely yours" or "Sincerely" are commonly used in formal correspondence. "Faithfully yours" is rare.

Yours truly

Yours truly can carry either or both of two connotations: as a valediction, and by implication, as an informal reference by a person to themselves – "the speaker".

"Yours truly" is also used in professional correspondence when writing to a client by his name, but signing the letter in the name of the firm where neither "Yours faithfully" or "Yours sincerely" would be appropriate e.g. Dear Mr. Brown ................Yours truly, Polaski & Jones

As self-reference
  • "Yours truly made the cake" – a more affected, tongue-in-cheek way of saying "I made the cake".
  • "If yours truly hadn't been sick that day..."

In this manner, one may sarcastically refer to a third person present in the conversation:

  • "Everything was going fine before yours truly, here, showed up..."
As valediction

Commonly appearing in the US as "Yours truly," or "Yours very truly," use in the UK indicated that the recipient was of a higher status than the signatory. "Very truly yours" is the shorter, modern form of "I am very truly yours", with "yours" indicating something like "your servant". In the Spanish language, there is a similar formal closing for letters that translates roughly as "I am your sure servant".

For those who pay attention to old-fashioned manners, "Sincerely yours" was regarded as appropriate only for social correspondence, and not business correspondence, while such closings as "Cordially" or "Best regards", are always inappropriate for business letters to strangers, and their use may be considered silly and uninformed by the recipient.

Business usage

The following table contains complimentary closings as recommended for business hard letter use by two authorities: Barron's Educational Series[8] and American Management Association.[9] (For United States military usage see Section 1.1.7.)

CLOSING RECOMMENDED USE and AUTHORITY
Yours truly, "formal closing"(Barron's); "no personal connection between writer and recipient" (AMACOM)
Very truly yours, "no personal connection between writer and recipient" (AMACOM)
Respectfully yours, "formal closing" (Barron's); to person of acknowledged authority or "great formality" (AMACOM)
Sincerely, or Sincerely yours, "less formal closing" (Barron's); personal and business relationship (AMACOM)
Cordially, "less formal closing" (Barron's)
Cordially yours, often used, but it is "incorrect" (AMACOM)
Regards, Personal regards, Kindest regards, "personal closing" (Barron's)

Clerical usage

Christian clergy often use Yours in Christ, Sincerely in Christ, or Yours sincerely in Christ.[10]

United States military usage

Current regulations of the United States Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army, and the U.S. Navy call for two complimentary closings for letters: "Respectfully yours" and "Sincerely". "Respectfully yours" is reserved for the President, except the Army includes the President's spouse, and for the President-elect. "Sincerely" is used in all other cases.[11][12][13][14]

For more informal (but still professional) correspondence among military service members, "Very respectfully" is used. This is often abbreviated as "V/R."

The Commander of the Navy's school in the military's "Mustang University"[15] stated his preference, in 2014, that the older "Very respectfully" be used in letters to someone senior in pay-grade or positional authority. However, the Commander acknowledged that current regulations call for "Sincerely" and told students they were free to follow that practice.[16]

Miscellaneous usage

Other less formal expressions exist, often some variant of "Best wishes", such as "All my best" or, simply, "Best". For family members or intimates, an expression such as "Your friend", "Your loving son", or (in the case of lovers) "Your Albert", may be used; or the name may simply be preceded with "All my love" or "Love".

Less commonly, other adverbs or adverbial phrases may be used, in keeping with the tone of the letter. For example, in the labour movement, "Fraternally", "Yours fraternally", and "In solidarity" are frequently used valedictions.

In English, all the above closings capitalise the first word and end in a comma, e.g. "Yours sincerely,".

Valedictions in e-mail

Valedictions in formal e-mail are similar to valedictions in letters; on the whole, they are variations of "regards" and "yours".[17] However, a wide range of popular valedictions are used in casual e-mail but very rarely in letters. These include:[17]

E-mail messages, especially those used for very brief communication, are commonly signed off without valedictions,[5] these being replaced by automatically appended signature texts. Some are not signed at all, since a sender's name is usually provided in the message headers.

Chinese

Valedictions in Chinese are highly variable and reflect the relative social status of the sender and recipient. Salutation (問候語) is traditionally placed after valediction (申悃語) and the closing of the main body of the letter, as opposed to its typical location in English. Traditional valediction include:

French

Standard French language valedictions tend to be much more complex than standard English ones, more akin to older English valedictions. They show a fair degree of variation, for example:

Veuillez agréer, Madame, Monsieur, l'expression de mes sentiments distingués
"Please accept, Madam, Sir, the expression of my distinguished sentiments."

Or:

Veuillez recevoir, Madame, mes sincères salutations.
"Please receive, Madam, my sincere salutations."

Or:

Je vous prie de croire, Monsieur, à mes sentiments les meilleurs.
"I beg you to believe, Sir, in my best sentiments."

In the latter case of a formula beginning with the first person, the valediction is often enhanced with a participial phrase concluding the sense of the letter (since traditionally it is not considered appropriate to begin a paragraph with the first person singular je in a letter):

Espérant recevoir une réponse favorable, je vous prie d'agréer, Madame…("Hoping for a favourable answer, I beg you to allow, Madam…")

A number of rules concern the use of these formulae:

Such formulae may be used even in more friendly letters, often with the adjective cher or chère for the recipient. Letters to dignitaries may use even more grandiose styles, such as:

Daignez, Monsieur le Premier ministre, agréer l'expression de ma considération très distinguée.
"Deign, Mr. Prime Minister, to allow the expression of my most distinguished consideration."

or more commonly:

Veuillez agréer, Monsieur le Premier ministre, l'expression de ma très haute considération.
"Please accept, Mr. Prime Minister, the expression of my highest consideration."

According to French typographic rules, the proper capitalization for the official title is "Premier ministre" although people who mimic English titles or fear that they might appear disrespectful often use more capitals than the rules commend.

Veuillez agréer, Madame l'Ambassadeur, l'expression de mes salutations les plus respectueuses.
"Please allow, Madam Ambassador, the expression of my most respectful salutations."

Another French typographic rule states that when addressing someone, styles like Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle, should never be abbreviated, even if followed by a title (hence, writing M. le Premier Ministre or Mme l'Ambassadeur would be considered clumsy).

Much shorter styles may be used in brief notes (Sincères salutations), and informal letters (such as between intimates) may use expressions such as (with approximate English equivalents – not literal translations):

Unlike in English, when the letter writer has a title that is unique in his or her organization, it is placed before, not after, the name:

Veuillez recevoir, Monsieur, mes sincères salutations.
La vice-présidente des ressources humaines,
A.B.

German

Valedictions in German, while a lot less complex than those in French, are similarly flexible. The highly formal form Hochachtungsvoll (lit. "highly respectfully") has been practically obsolete for many years and is very rarely used in modern German, except for highly formal correspondence from authorities or in letters with a highly negative connotation where "friendliness" would not be appropriate.

The standard business valediction is Mit freundlichen Grüßen (lit. "with friendly regards") and is equivalent to Yours sincerely or Yours faithfully in English. A more seldom used variant of this is Mit freundlichem Gruß, which is as above but in the singular form. Other semi-formal alternatives include (roughly in descending order of formality) Mit besten Grüßen (lit. "with best regards"), Beste Grüße, Mit herzlichen Grüßen (lit. "with cordial regards"), Viele Grüße (lit. "many regards"), Schöne Grüße (lit. "nice regards").

German valedictions also offer the possibility of adding your location, e.g. Mit freundlichen Grüßen aus Berlin to added effect. While this is no less formal, it does have a more "relaxed" feel to it. Other less formal location-centric variations are also possible, such as Viele Grüße aus dem sonnigen Barcelona (lit. "many regards from sunny Barcelona").

These valedictions are also often adapted to specific professions, states or political views. For example, it is common to use Mit solidarischen Grüßen ("with regards in solidarity") among socialist and communist groups, Mit gewerkschaftlichen Grüßen (lit. "with union regards") or Mit kollegialen Grüßen (lit. "with cooperative regards") among labour union members, Mit kameradschaftlichen Grüßen (lit. "with comradely regards") among military personnel, Mit sportlichen Grüßen ("with sporting regards") among sportspeople, and Mit gebärdenfreundlichen Grüßen ("with friendly regards in sign language") among persons hard of hearing.

More familiar valedictions in German follow the same formula. Alles Liebe or (Viele) liebe Grüße are common in German for friends or family. Friends or close colleagues among each other may use simply Gruß.

It is possible in informal and rapid e-mail communication to sometimes use abbreviations of the forms, unlike in English. In this way, Mit freundlichen Grüßen may be shortened to MfG and Liebe Grüße may be shortened to LG. A popular form in Germany in recent years, hdl (habe dich lieb, lit. "am fond of you") and hdgdl (habe dich ganz doll lieb, lit. "am very fond of you", for somewhere between "I like you" and "I love you") has found increased usage in SMS text messaging and e-mails in more intimate relationships.

Judges have deemed that Section 86a of the German Criminal Code forbids the use of Mit deutschem Gruß (lit. "with German regards"), as it has National Socialist overtones.[18]

Hebrew

Formal letters in Hebrew often end with "b'chavod (rav*)" (Hebrew: בכבוד *רב, lit: with (great*) honor) or somewhat less formal "bivracha" (Hebrew: בברכה, lit: with blessing). The informal ones may use "kol tov" (Hebrew: כל טוב, lit: all the best). For an intimate, you might end a letter or email with "mitga'ageah" (m) or "mitga'aga'at" (f) -- missing you. Jews in the United States often use "B'shalom" or "shalom" (Hebrew: בשלום, lit: in peace) within Jewish circles, for example, from a Rabbi to his congregation. This is an American Jewish usage, rarely heard from native speakers of Hebrew. "B'shalom" is incorrect, as it is religiously tantamount to wishing death on someone. Indeed, the Talmud says: "In bidding farewell to the living one should not say, 'Go with peace' [lech b'shalom], but 'Go to peace' [lech l'shalom], because [King] David said to [his son] Absalom, 'Go with peace', and he went and was hanged; whereas Jethro said to Moses, 'Go to peace', and he went and succeeded." [Talmud, Moed Katan 29a]

Hungarian

Japanese

Russian

Spanish

Portuguese

Formal valedictions should end with a comma followed by a paragraph where the valedictor's name (and optionally his status) is identified. Depending on the occasion, different degrees of formality are adequate, ranging from highly formal (e.g. solemn occasions) to totally informal (e.g. a conversation among friends). Some formal valedictions can be used at different formality degrees, but almost never in informal situations.

Highly formal valedictions

Formal valedictions

Semi-formal valedictions

Informal valedictions

Abbreviated valedictions (informal)

Swedish

See also

References

  1. ↑ Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 1996. p. 519.
  2. ↑ Complimentary close on The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition.
  3. ↑ Valediction – Definition from The Free Dictionary.
  4. ↑ Valediction Dictionary.co.uk.
  5. 1 2 Scheyder, Elizabeth (2003). "The Use of Complimentary Closings in E-mail: American English Examples". Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 19 (1): 27–42. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  6. ↑ Commonly still used in the Royal Navy "Walking down the street, opening doors and wearing hats at weddings", The Sunday Times.
  7. ↑ "Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?". www.dailywritingtips.com.
  8. ↑ Alan Bond, 300+ Successful Business Letters for All Occasions, 2nd Edition (Barron's Educational Series, 2005), 7.
  9. ↑ James Stroman, Kevin Wilson, Jennifer Wauson, Administrative Assistant's and Secretary's Handbook, 5th Edition (AMACOM: American Management Association, 2014), 299.
  10. ↑ "Ecclesiastical Forms of Address in The National Catholic Church of America". NCCA. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
  11. ↑ Department of Defense (October 26, 2010). Manual for Written Material: Correspondence Management (PDF). DoDM 5110.04-M-V1.
  12. ↑ Joint Chiefs of Staff (April 2013). JOINT STAFF GUIDE, DOM/SJS, JS Guide 5711.
  13. ↑ EDITORIAL GUIDANCE AND ACCEPTED USAGE FOR JOINT STAFF CORRESPONDENCE, Enclosure K, K-1 to K-10 (PDF).
  14. ↑ Army: Army Regulation 25–50, Preparing and Managing Correspondence (6 July 2015), online at http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r25_50.pdf. Navy: SECNAV Manual M-216.5, March 2010, APPENDIX B, CIVILIAN MODELS OF ADDRESS, B1-B10 online at http://www.sc.edu/nrotc/content/Documents/SECNAVINST%205216.5.pdf. Air Force: AIR FORCE HANDBOOK 33-337, 27 MAY 2015 "Communications and Information" THE TONGUE AND QUILL, 197-213 online at http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/saf_cio_a6/publication/afh33-337/afh33-337.pdf. All accessed September 8, 2015
  15. ↑ Officer Training Command: Home of the Navy OCS. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  16. ↑ USN (July 2014). "LDO CWO Documents" (PDF). The Mustang Lariat (LDO AND CWO Officer Community Managers Newsletter). Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  17. 1 2 Kallos, Judith. "Email Sign-off Considerations". netmanners.com. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
  18. ↑ Rechtsextremistische Subkulturen.

External links

Look up valediction in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, February 14, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.