Université de Montréal

"UdeM" redirects here. For other uses, see UdeM (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 45°30′17″N 73°36′46″W / 45.50472°N 73.61278°W / 45.50472; -73.61278

Université de Montréal
Latin: Universitas Montis Regii
Former name
 Université Laval à Montréal
Motto Fide splendet et scientia (Latin)
Motto in English
 It shines by faith and knowledge
Type Public
Established 1878
Endowment $276.490 million[1]
Budget $1.05 billion[1]
Rector Guy Breton
Academic staff
 7,329[2]
Administrative staff
 4,427[2]
Undergraduates 34,335[3]
Postgraduates 11,925[3]
Location Montreal, QC, Canada
Campus Urban, park, 60 ha (150 acres)
Colors Royal blue, white and black               
Athletics 15 varsity teams
Nickname Carabins
Mascot Carabin
Affiliations AUCC, IAU, AUF, AUFC, ACU, CIS, QSSF, IFPU, U15, CBIE, CUP.
Website www.umontreal.ca

The Université de Montréal[4] (UdeM; French pronunciation: ​[ynivɛʁsite də mɔ̃ʁeal]) is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The francophone institution comprises thirteen faculties, more than sixty departments and two[5] affiliated schools: the École Polytechnique (School of Engineering) and HEC Montréal (School of Business). It offers more than 650 undergraduate programmes and graduate programmes, including 71 doctoral programmes. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2014-2015 ranks the Université de Montréal at 113th place globally.[2] The Université de Montréal made it to the 83rd position worldwide according to the Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University rankings for 2014-2015 (undergraduate category).[6]

The university has Quebec's largest sponsored research income and the third largest in Canada, allocating close to $524.1 million to research conducted in more than 150 research centres as of 2011.[7] It is also part of the U15 universities. More than 55,000 students are enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs, making it the second-largest university in Canada in terms of student enrolment.[2]

History

Early years

As an institution, the university was first founded when the Université Laval in Quebec City founded a new branch in Montréal in 1878, which became known as the Université de Laval à Montréal.[8] This initially went against the wishes of Montréal's prelate, who advocated an independent university in his city.[9] Certain parts of the institution's educational facilities, such as those of the Séminaire de Québec and the Faculty of Medicine, founded as the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery, had already been established in Montréal in 1876 and 1843 respectively.[10] The Vatican granted the university some administrative autonomy in 1889, thus allowing it to choose its own professors and license its own diplomas. However it was not until 8 May 1919 that a papal charter from Pope Benedict XV granted full autonomy to the university.[11] It thus became an independent Catholic university and adopted Université de Montréal as its name.[12] Laval composed by Wilfrid Beaudry was dedicated to the students at Laval University and the Université de Montréal. The music for piano was published in Québec by J. Beaudry, circa 1906.[13]

At the time of its creation, less than a hundred students were admitted to the university's three faculties, which at that time were located in Old Montreal. These were the faculty of theology (located at the Grand séminaire de Montréal), the faculty of law (hosted by the Society of Saint-Sulpice) and the faculty of medicine (at the Château Ramezay).[14][15]

Graduate training based on German-inspired American models of specialized course work and completion of a research thesis was introduced and adopted.[10] Most of Québec's secondary education establishments employed classic course methods of varying quality. This forced the university to open a preparatory school in 1887 to harmonize the education level of its students. Named the "Faculty of Arts", this school would remain in use until 1972 and was the predecessor of Québec's current CEGEP system.[16]

Founding by provincial charter

Although a branch of Laval University was planned as Montreal's first French-language university, it was not until 14 February 1920, that the first provincial charter founding the university was passed.[11] The second provincial charter was passed in 1950.[11] The policy of university education initiated in the 1960s (following the Quiet Revolution) was a response to popular pressure and the belief that higher education was a key to social justice and economic productivity for individuals as well as society.[10] The third provincial charter, which was passed in 1967, defined the Université de Montréal as a public institution, dedicated to higher learning and research, in the administration of which students and teachers would have the right to participate.[11]

Campus relocation

Former campus on Rue Saint-Denis in 1903

From 1876 to 1895, most university classes took place in the Grand séminaire de Montréal. From 1895 to 1942, it was housed in a building at the intersection of Saint-Denis and Sainte-Catherine streets in Montreal's eastern downtown Quartier Latin.

Unlike English-language universities in Montréal, such as McGill University, the university suffered a lack of funding for two major reasons: the relative poverty of the French Canadian population and the complications ensuing from its being managed remotely, from Quebec City. The downtown campus was hit by three different fires between 1919 and 1921, further complicating the university's already precarious finances and forcing it to spend much of its resources on repairing its own infrastructure.[17]

By 1930, enough funds had been accumulated to start the construction of a new campus on the north west slope of Mount Royal, adopting new plans designed by Ernest Cormier. However, the financial crisis of the 1930s virtually suspended all ongoing construction.[18] Many speculated that the university would have to sell off its unfinished building projects in order to ensure its own survival. Not until 1939 did the provincial government directly intervene by injecting public funds.[19] Campus construction subsequently resumed and the mountain campus was officially inaugurated on 3 June 1943.[20] The Cote-des-Neiges site includes property expropriated from a residential development along Decelles Avenue, known as Northmount Heights.[21] The university's former downtown facilities would later serve Montreal's second francophone university, the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM).

Nuclear research

Main article: Montréal Laboratory

In 1943, the university assisted the Western Allies by providing laboratory accommodations on its campus. Scientists there worked to develop a nuclear reactor, notably by conducting various heavy water experiments. The research was part of the larger Manhattan Project, which aimed to develop the first atomic bomb. Scientists here managed to produce the first atomic battery to work outside of the United States. One of the participating Québécois scientists, Pierre Demers, also discovered a series of radioactive elements issued from Neptunium.[22]

Growth and expansion

Pavillon 3200 Jean-Brillant)

Two distinct schools eventually became affiliated to the university. The first was the École Polytechnique, a school of engineering, which was founded in 1873 and became affiliated in 1887. The second was the École des Hautes Études Commerciales, or HEC, which was founded in 1907 and became part of the university in 1915.[14] The first francophone school of architecture in Canada opened in 1907 at the École Polytechnique.[23]

Between 1920 and 1925, seven new faculties were added to the initial three: Philosophy, Literature, Sciences, Veterinary medicine, Dental surgery, Pharmacy and Social sciences.[17] Notably, the Faculty of Social sciences was founded in 1920 by Édouard Montpetit, the first laic to lead a faculty.[24] He thereafter fulfilled the role of secretary-general until 1950.

In 1965, the appointment of the university's first secular rector, Roger Gaudry, paved the way for modernization. The university established the first adult education degree program offered by a French Canadian university in 1968.

An important event that marked the university's history was the École Polytechnique massacre. On 6 December 1989, a gunman armed with a rifle entered the École Polytechnique building, killing 14 people, all of whom were women, before taking his own life.

Since 2002, the university has embarked on its largest construction projects since the late 1960s, with five new modern buildings planned for advanced research in pharmacology, engineering, aerospace, cancer studies and biotechnology.[14]

Legacy

On 4 September 2003 Canada Post issued 'Université de Montréal, 1878-2003' to mark the 125th anniversary of the establishment of Université de Montréal. The stamp was designed by Denis L'Allier, based on a photograph by Guy Lavigueur as part of the Canadian Universities series. The 48¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited.[25]

Campus

Tower's construction
Map of the university's Mont-Royal campus
Main buildings

The university's main campus is located on the northern slope of Mont-Royal in the Outremont and Côte-des-Neiges boroughs.

Its landmark Pavilion Roger-Gaudry, designed by noted architect Ernest Cormier, and named for former rector Roger Gaudry, can be seen from around the campus and is known for its imposing tower. It is built mainly in the Art Deco style, with some elements of International style. On 14 September 1954, a Roll of Honour plaque on the wall at the right of the stairs to the Court of Honour in Roger-Gaudry Pavillon was dedicated alumni of the Université de Montréal who died in armed service during the Second World War. [26] On November 1963, a memorial plaque was dedicated to the memory of those members of the Université de Montréal who served in the Armed Forces during the First and Second World Wars and Korea.[27]

The campus is served by the Côte-des-Neiges, Université-de-Montreal, and Édouard-Montpetit metro stations.

Apart from its main Mont-Royal campus, the university also maintains five regional facilities in Terrebonne, Laval, Longueuil, Saint-Hyacinthe and Mauricie.[28] The campus in Laval, just north of Montréal, was opened in 2006. It is Laval's first university campus, and is located in the area near the Montmorency metro station. In October 2009, the university announced an expansion to its Laval satellite campus with the commissioning of its six-storey Cité du Savoir complex.[29] In order to solve the problem of lack of space on its main campus, the university is also planning to open a new campus in Outremont.[30]

The Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) and the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine are the two teaching hospital networks of the Université de Montréal's Faculty of Medicine, although the latter is also affiliated with other medical institutions such as the Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal Heart Institute, Hôpital Sacré-Coeur and Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont. A plaque, which is dedicated to the personnel of the "Hôpital Général Canadien No. 6 (Université Laval de Montréal)" from 1916 to 1920, was donated by Mr. Louis de Gonzague Beaubien in 1939.[31]

The J.-Armand-Bombardier Incubator[32] is part of one the joint building from Université de Montréal and École Polytechnique de Montréal. The incubator is part on the main Campus of Université de Montréal and was built in autumn 2004 with the aim of helping R&D intensive companies to start up by providing complete infrastructures at advantageous conditions.

This particular environment helps promote collaboration between industries and academics while gratifying Québec entrepreneurship. Since its creation the Incubator hosted more than fifteen companies, mainly in the biomedical field (Cuttle Pharmaceuticals, Angiotech, Siegfried, Haemacure) in the field of polymer / surface treatment (Solaris Chem, Cerestech, Nanomextrix, Novaplasma) in optics / photonics (Photon etc., Castor Optics, Thorlabs, Genia Photonics) and IT security (ESET, Urqui).

Academics

The University of Montreal is a publicly funded research university, and a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada.[33] Undergraduate students make the majority of the university community, accounting for 74 percent of the university student body, followed by master students at 19 percent, and doctoral students at 7 percent.[2] The full-time undergraduate programs comprise the majority of the school's enrolment, made up of 42,684 undergraduate students. From the 1 June 2010 to the 31 May 2011, the university conferred 7,012 bachelor's degrees, 461 doctoral degrees, and 3,893 master's degrees.[2]

Depending on a student's citizenship, they may be eligible for financial assistance from the Student Financial Assistance program, administered by the provincial Ministry of Education, Recreation and Sports, and/or the Canada Student Loans and Grants through the federal and provincial governments. The university's Office of Financial Aid acts as intermediaries between the students and the Quebec government for all matters relating to financial assistance programs.[34] The financial aid provided may come in the form of loans, grants, bursaries, scholarships fellowships and work programs.

Reputation

University rankings
Global rankings
ARWU World[35] 101-150
ARWU Engineering & CS[36] 101-150
ARWU Life Sciences[37] 101-150
ARWU Clinical Medicine[38] 151-200
ARWU Social Sciences[39] 76-100
Times World[40] 113
Times Life Sciences[41] 73
Times Health Sciences[42] 67
Canadian rankings
ARWU National[43] 5-6
Maclean's Medical/Doctoral[44] 12
Times National[40] 5

The 2013-2014 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed the university 106th in the world, and fifth in Canada.[40] The 2014 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 83rd in the world, and fourth in Canada.[45] The 2012 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) rankings, the university ranked 101-150th in the world.[35] In terms of national rankings, Maclean's ranked the university 12th in their 2011 Medical Doctoral university rankings.[44] The university was ranked in spite of having opted out—along with several other universities in Canada—of participating in Maclean's graduate survey since 2006.[46]

The university was ranked 76-100th in the 2012 ARWU rankings within the field of social sciences, and 5-8th in the country.[39] The 2012-2013 Times Higher Education rankings for clinical, pre-clinical, and health universities, the university's health science programs ranked 47th in the world and fourth in Canada.[42] The Université de Montréal Faculty of Law was ranked second, out of the six civil law schools in Canada in Maclean's 2011 law school rankings.[47]

HEC Montréal, an affiliated business school with the university has also received significant recognition. The business school had ranked 12th on the 2011 Forbes ranking of the best international one-year MBA programs, placing higher than any Canadian business school.[48] The 2011 Financial Times ranking for master's in management programs placed HEC Montréal 39th in the world, and first in the country.[49] In CNN Expansion's 2011 ranking of the world's best MBA program, HEC Montréal was ranked 62nd in the world, and second nationally.[50] In The Economist's 2011 ranking of the best MBA program in North America, HEC Montréal was 56th on the continent, and fifth nationally.[51] The 2010 Bloomberg Businessweek biannual business school rankings had also ranked HEC Montréal as the 15th best business school outside the United States, and the sixth best business school in Canada.[52] The QS ranking of North American MBA programs placed HEC Montréal 30th in North America, and 7th in Canada.[53] In an employability survey published by the New York Times in October 2011, when CEOs and chairmans were asked to select the top universities which they recruited from, HEC Montréal placed 46th in the world, and second in Canada.[54]

Research

In Research Infosource's 2013 ranking of Canada's 50 top research universities, the university was ranked third, with a sponsored research income of $526,213,000, the third largest in the country. The university has an average of $280,000 per faculty member, making it the fifth most research-intensive full-service university.[55] In terms of research performance, High Impact Universities 2010 ranked the university 108th out of 500 universities, and sixth in the country.[56] In the field of medicine, dentistry, pharmacology, and health sciences, the 2010 High Impact Universities ranking placed Université de Montréal in 68th in the world, and fifth nationally.[57] In the field of life, agricultural and biological sciences, the 2010 High Impact Universities ranking placed the university 99th in the world, and fourth in Canada.[58]

The Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT), an organization which also evaluates universities based on their scientific paper's performances, ranked the university 101st in the world, and sixth in Canada.[59] In HEEACT's 2011 rankings which focused on life sciences, the university was ranked 81st in the world, and fourth in Canada.[60] In HEEACT's rankings focusing on clinical medicines, the university was also ranked 81st in the world, and sixth in the country.[61] The HEEACT rankings focusing on social sciences placed the university 83rd in the world and seventh in Canada.[62] In the Higher Education Strategy Associates 2012 ranking of Canadian universities based on research strength, the Université de Montréal was placed second nationally in the field of science and engineering and sixth nationally in the field of social sciences and humanities.[63]

Student life

The two main student unions on administrative and policy issues are the Fédération des associations étudiantes du campus de l'Université de Montréal (FAÉCUM), which represents the interests of all full-time undergraduate and graduate students, and the Association Étudiante de la Maîtrise et du Doctorat de HEC Montréal (AEMD), which represents the interests of those enrolled in HEC Montréal.[64][65] FAÉCUM traces its linage back to 1989, when the Fédération étudiante universitaire du Québec (FEUQ) was founded, and is currently the largest student organization in Quebec.[66] The organizations and clubs accredited at the university cover a wide range of interests including academics, culture, religion, social issues, and recreation. FAÉCUM is currently associated with 82 student organizations and clubs.[67] Three fraternities and sororities are recognized by the university's student union, Sigma Thêta Pi, Nu Delta Mu and Zeta Lambda Zeta.[68]

Media

The university's student population operates a number of media outlets throughout the campus environment. The Quartier Libre, is university's main student newspaper.[69] CISM-FM is an independently owned radio station, owned by the students of the Université de Montréal, and operated by the student union.[70] The radio started in 1970, and received a permit from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) on 10 July 1990 to transmit on an FM band. On 14 March 1991, CISM's broadcasting antenna was boosted to 10 000 watts. With a broadcasting radius of 70 km, CISM is now the world's largest French-language university radio station.[71] The CFTU-DT television station also receives its technical and administrative support from the student body.[72]

Sports

Montréal Carabin's women's ice hockey team, which was first formed in 2009[73]
Main article: Montreal Carabins

Sport teams at Université de Montréal are known as the Carabins. The Carabins sports teams participate in the Canadian Interuniversity Sport's (CIS) Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ) conference for most varsity sports. Varsity teams include badminton, Canadian football, cheerleading, golf, hockey, swimming, alpine skiing, soccer, tennis and volleyball.[74] The athletics program at the university dates back to 1922.[73] The university's athletic facilities is open to both their varsity teams as well as to their students. The major sports facility at the university is the Centre d'éducation physique et des sports de l'Université de Montréal (CEPSUM), which is also home to all of the Carabin's varsity teams.[75] The building itself was built in 1976, in preparation for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal. The outdoor stadium of CEPSUM, which hosts the university's football team, can seat around 5,100 people.[75]

Notable alumni and faculty

Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada and alumnus.
Pierre Trudeau, former Prime Minister of Canada also graduated from Université de Montréal's Faculty of Law

The university has an extensive alumni network, with more than 300,000 members registered with the university's alumni network.[76] Throughout the university's history, faculty, alumni, and former students have played prominent roles in a number of fields. Several prominent business leaders have also graduated from the university. Graduates include Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, founder and CEO of Telemedia,[77] Louis R. Chênevert, chairman and CEO of the United Technologies Corporation,[78] and Pierre Karl Péladeau, former president and CEO of Quebecor.[79]

A number of students have also gained prominence for their research and work in a number of scientific fields. Roger Guillemin, a graduate of the university, would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with neurohormones.[80] Alumnus Ishfaq Ahmad, would also gain prominence for his work with Pakistan's nuclear weapon's program, and their nuclear power program.[81] Jocelyn Faubert, known for his work in the fields of visual perception, is currently a faculty member of the university.[82] Gilles Brassard, best known for his fundamental work in quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation, quantum entanglement distillation, quantum pseudo-telepathy, and the classical simulation of quantum entanglement.[83]

Many former students have gained local and national prominence for serving in government including Former Supreme Court of Canada Judge and U.N. Human Rights Commissioner Louise Arbour. Michaëlle Jean served as Governor General of Canada,[84] Ahmed Benbitour, who served as the Prime Minister of Algeria,[85] and Pierre Trudeau served as the Prime Minister of Canada.[86] Ten Premiers of Quebec have also graduated from the university, including Jean-Jacques Bertrand,[87] Robert Bourassa,[88] Maurice Duplessis,[89] Lomer Gouin,[90] Daniel Johnson, Jr.,[91] Daniel Johnson Sr.,[87] Pierre-Marc Johnson,[92] Bernard Landry,[93] Jacques Parizeau,[94] and Paul Sauvé.[95]

See also

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 "État des résultats et de l'évolution des soldes de fonds" (PDF). États financiers de l'Université de Montréal (in French). Université de Montreal. 30 September 2014. p. 3. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 World University Rankings 2014-2015
  3. 1 2 "Statistiques d'inscription automne 2013" (PDF) (in French). Université de Montreal. 30 September 2014. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  4. ↑ "2007 Annual Report. Université de Montréal Accessed 20 October 2008.
  5. ↑ General overview of Université de Montréal
  6. ↑ http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/université-de-montréal/undergrad
  7. ↑ 2011 Annual Report, "Research Income by University", p. 27
  8. ↑ Pound, Richard W. (2005). 'Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates'. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
  9. ↑ Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  10. 1 2 3 The Canadian Encyclopedia - University
  11. 1 2 3 4 The Canadian Encyclopedia - Université de Montréal
  12. ↑ Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  13. ↑ Laval http://amicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/c.php?id=16182129&l=eng&s=amicus
  14. 1 2 3 Université de Montréal - English - Brief History
  15. ↑ Université de Montréal - Information générale (French)
  16. ↑ Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  17. 1 2 Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  18. ↑ Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  19. ↑ Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  20. ↑ Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  21. ↑ "Publicité de la Northmount Land". 1698-1998 CÔTE-DES-NEIGES AU FIL DU TEMPS (in French). La société du troisième centenaire de la Côte-des-Neiges 1698-1998. 6 July 2000. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  22. ↑ Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  23. ↑ The Canadian Encyclopedia - Architectural Education
  24. ↑ Université de Montréal - Fêtes du 125e - 125 ans d'histoire (1878-2003) (French)
  25. ↑ Canada Post Stamp
  26. ↑ http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=7904 Alumni - World War II Honour Roll
  27. ↑ http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=7905 Alumni - war service
  28. ↑ Université de Montréal - Plan Campus (French)
  29. ↑ Croteau, Martin (14 October 2009). "Nouveau campus de l'UdM à Laval". La Presse (in French) (Montreal). Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  30. ↑ Université de Montréal - Outremont facility project page (French)
  31. ↑ Hôpital Général Canadien No. 6 (Université Laval de Montréal)
  32. ↑ "J.-Armand Bombardier Incubator". Polytechnique Montréal. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  33. ↑ "Université de Montréal" (in French). Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  34. ↑ "Aide financière du Québec" (in French). Université de Montréal. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  35. 1 2 "Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2015". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  36. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences - 2015". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  37. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Life and Agriculture Sciences - 2015". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  38. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy - 2015". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  39. 1 2 "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Social Science - 2015". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  40. 1 2 3 "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education. 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  41. ↑ "Top 100 Life Sciences universities 2014-2015". Times Higher Education. 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  42. 1 2 "Top 100 Health Sciences university 2014-2015". Times Higher Education. 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  43. ↑ "Canada Universities in Top 500". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  44. 1 2 "2013 Medical Doctoral University Ranking". Maclean's. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  45. ↑ "QS World University Rankings 2011/12". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  46. ↑ "11 universities bail out of Maclean's survey". CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). 14 April 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  47. ↑ "The 2011 Maclean’s Law School Rankings". Maclean's. Rogers Publishing Limited. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  48. ↑ Badenhausen, Kurt (27 July 2011). "Best International 1-year MBA Programs". Forbes LLC. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  49. ↑ "Masters in Management 2011". The Financial Times Ltd. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  50. ↑ "Los Mejores MBA mde Mundo 2011". Cable News Network (in Spanish). Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  51. ↑ "North America ranking". The Economist (The Economist Newspaper Limited). 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  52. ↑ "The Best International B-Schools of 2010". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  53. ↑ "Regional ratings: QS Global 200 Business Schools Report 2012". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  54. ↑ "What business leaders say". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). 20 October 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  55. ↑ "Canada’s Top 50 Research Universities 2013" (PDF). RE$EARCH Infosource Inc. 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  56. ↑ "2010 World University Rankings". High Impact Universities. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  57. ↑ "2010 Faculty Rankings For Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacology, and Health Sciences". High Impact Universities. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  58. ↑ "2010 Faculty Rankings For Life, Biological, and Agricultural Sciences". High Impact Universities. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  59. ↑ "Canada". Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  60. ↑ "Life Sciences: Top Universities in Canada". National Taiwan University. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  61. ↑ "Clinical Medicine: Top Universities in Canada". National Taiwan University. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  62. ↑ "Social Science: Top Universities in Canada". National Taiwan University. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  63. ↑ Jarvey, Paul; Usher, Alex (August 2012). "Measuring Academic Research in Canada: Field-Normalized Academic Rankings 2012" (pdf). Higher Education Strategy Associates. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  64. ↑ "Qu'est-ce que la FAÉCUM?" (in French). FAÉCUM. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  65. ↑ "Welcome to AEMD!" (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  66. ↑ "Histoire de la Fédération" (in French). FAÉCUM. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  67. ↑ "Associations membres" (in French). FAÉCUM. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  68. ↑ "Groupes d'intérêt" (in French). FAÉCUM. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  69. ↑ "Quartier Libre" (in French). Quartier Libre. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  70. ↑ "A Propos" (in French). CISM 89.3 FM. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  71. ↑ "Historique" (in French). CISM 89.3 FM. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  72. ↑ "Historique" (in French). Canal Savoir. 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  73. 1 2 "Historique" (in French). Université de Montréal. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  74. ↑ "Carabins" (in French). Université de Montréal. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  75. 1 2 "Centre sportif - CEPSUM - Installations" (in French). Université de Montréal. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  76. ↑ "Diplômés de l'Université de Montréal" (in French). Université de Montréal. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  77. ↑ "Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien". Business Families Foundation. 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  78. ↑ "Louis R. Chênevert, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer". United Technologies Corporation. 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  79. ↑ "PIERRE KARL PÉLADEAU". Quebecor. 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  80. ↑ Shorter, Edward; Fink, Max (2010). Endocrine Psychiatry: Solving the Riddle of Melancholia. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-19-973746-0.
  81. ↑ John, Wilson (2005). Pakistan's nuclear underworld: an investigation. Saṁskṛiti in association with Observer Research Foundation. p. 88. ISBN 81-87374-34-9.
  82. ↑ "Jocelyn Faubert". Université de Montréal. 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  83. ↑ Herzberg runner-up: Gilles Brassard, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
  84. ↑ Adu-Febiri, Francis; Everett, Ofori (2009). Succeeding from the Margins of Canadian Society: A Strategic Resource for New Immigrants, Refugees and International Students. CCB Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 1-926585-27-5.
  85. ↑ Hireche, Aïssa (1 April 2013). "Six ex-chefs de gouvernement sur la ligne de départ?". L'Expression (in French). Sarl Fattani Communication and Press. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  86. ↑ Coucill, Irma (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers Limited. p. 38. ISBN 1-55138-185-0.
  87. 1 2 Levine, Allan Gerald (1989). Your Worship: the lives of eight of Canada's most unforgettable mayors. James Lorimer & Company. p. 152. ISBN 1-55028-209-3.
  88. ↑ "Robert BOURASSA" (in French). Assemblee Nationale de Quebec. April 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  89. ↑ Paulin, Marguerite (2005). Maurice Duplessis: powerbroker, politician. Dundurn Press Limited. p. 2. ISBN 1-894852-17-6.
  90. ↑ "Lomer GOUIN" (in French). Assemblee Nationale de Quebec. March 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  91. ↑ "Daniel JOHNSON (FILS)" (in French). Assemblee Nationale de Quebec. June 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  92. ↑ "Pierre Marc JOHNSON" (in French). Assemblee Nationale de Quebec. May 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  93. ↑ "Bernard LANDRY" (in French). Assemblee Nationale de Quebec. April 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  94. ↑ "Jacques PARIZEAU" (in French). Assemblee Nationale de Quebec. December 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  95. ↑ "Joseph-Mignault-Paul SAUVÉ" (in French). Assemblee Nationale de Quebec. July 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2012.

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