United States Senate elections, 1800 and 1801

Dates vary by state

10 of the 32 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 17 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Federalist	Democratic-Republican
Last election	23 seats (61.9%)	9 seats (28.1%)
Seats before	22 (68.8%)	10 (31.2%)
Seats won	17 (54.5%)	15 (45.5%)
Seat change	5	5
Seats up	7	3

Majority party before election

Federalist

Elected Majority party

Federalist

The United States Senate election of 1800 and 1801 were elections for the United States Senate that, coinciding with their takeover of the White House, led to the Democratic-Republican Party take control of the United States Senate. Although the Federalists began the next (7th) Congress with a slim majority, they lost their majority shortly thereafter due to mid-year special elections.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the November 6, 1800 special election in New York.

DR₆	DR₅	DR₄	DR₃	DR₂	DR₁
DR₇	DR₈	DR₉ Ran	DR₁₀ Unknown	DR₁₁ Unknown	F₂₁ Retired	F₂₀ Unknown	F₁₉ Unknown	F₁₈ Ran	F₁₇ Ran
Majority →									F₁₆ Ran
F₇	F₈	F₉	F₁₀	F₁₁	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅ Ran
F₆	F₅	F₄	F₃	F₂	F₁

Result of the elections

DR₆	DR₅	DR₄	DR₃	DR₂	DR₁
DR₇	DR₈	DR₉ Re-elected	DR₁₀ Hold	DR₁₁ Gain	DR₁₂ Gain	DR₁₃ Gain	DR₁₄ Gain	V₁ Fed loss	F₁₆ Gain
Majority →									F₁₇ Re-elected
F₇	F₈	F₉	F₁₀	F₁₁	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅ Re-elected
F₆	F₅	F₄	F₃	F₂	F₁

Beginning of the 7th Congress

DR₆	DR₅	DR₄	DR₃	DR₂	DR₁
DR₇	DR₈	DR₉	DR₁₀	DR₁₁	DR₁₂	DR₁₃	DR₁₄	DR₁₅*	F₁₇
Majority →									F₁₇
F₇	F₈	F₉	F₁₀	F₁₁	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅	F₁₆
F₆	F₅	F₄	F₃	F₂	F₁

Later in the 7th Congress (end of 1801)

DR₆	DR₅	DR₄	DR₃	DR₂	DR₁
DR₇	DR₈	DR₉	DR₁₀	DR₁₁	DR₁₂	DR₁₃	DR₁₄ Hold	DR₁₅ Hold	DR₁₆ Gain
Majority →									DR₁₇ Gain
F₇	F₈	F₉	F₁₀	F₁₁	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄ Hold	DR₁₈ Gain
F₆	F₅	F₄	F₃	F₂	F₁

Key:

DR_#	Democratic-Republican
F_#	Federalist
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the preceding Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1801; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
New York (Class 1)	James Watson	Federalist	1798 (Special)	Incumbent resigned March 19, 1800, to become Naval Officer of the Port of New York. Winner elected April 3, 1800. Federalist hold.	√ Gouverneur Morris (Federalist) Peter Gansevoort (Democratic-Republican)
Massachusetts (Class 2)	Samuel Dexter	Federalist	1799 1796	Incumbent resigned May 30, 1800 to become U.S. Secretary of War. Winner elected June 6, 1800. Federalist hold.	√ Dwight Foster (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New York (Class 3)	John Laurance	Federalist	1796 (Special)	Incumbent resigned August 1800. Winner elected November 6, 1800. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ John Armstrong (Democratic-Republican) Peter Gansevoort (Democratic-Republican)
Massachusetts (Class 1)	Benjamin Goodhue	Federalist	1796 (Special) 1796	Incumbent resigned November 8, 1800. Winner elected November 14, 1800. Federalist hold.	√ Jonathan Mason (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland (Class 3)	James Lloyd	Federalist	1797 (Special)	Incumbent resigned December 1, 1800. Winner elected December 12, 1800. Federalist hold.	√ William Hindman (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey (Class 1)	James Schureman	Federalist	1799 (Special)	Incumbent resigned February 16, 1801. Winner elected February 28, 1801. Federalist hold.	√ Aaron Ogden (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Races leading to the next Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1801; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut	Uriah Tracy	Federalist	1796 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1801.	√ Uriah Tracy (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Georgia	James Gunn	Federalist	1789 1795	Unknown if incumbent ran or retired. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ James Jackson (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Kentucky	Humphrey Marshall	Federalist	1794	Incumbent lost re-election Winner elected November 20, 1800. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ John Breckinridge (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland	William Hindman	Federalist	1797 (Special)	Legislature failed to elect. Incumbent was then appointed.	None
New Hampshire	John Langdon	Democratic- Republican	1795	Unknown if incumbent ran or retired. Winner elected in 1801. Federalist gain.	√ James Sheafe (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New York	John Armstrong	Democratic- Republican	1800 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected April 8, 1801.	√ John Armstrong (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
North Carolina	Timothy Bloodworth	Democratic- Republican	1795	Unknown if incumbent ran or retired. Winner elected November 27, 1800. Democratic-Republican hold.	√ David Stone (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Pennsylvania	William Bingham	Federalist	1795	Incumbent retired. Winner elected February 18, 1801.^[1] Democratic-Republican gain.	√ Peter Muhlenberg (Democratic-Republican) 50.0% George Logan (Democratic-Republican) 48.9% William Jones (Democratic-Republican) 1.0%
South Carolina	Jacob Read	Federalist	1795	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1801. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ John E. Colhoun (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Vermont	Elijah Paine	Federalist	1795	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Elijah Paine (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Special elections during the next Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated after March 4, 1801; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island (Class 2)	Ray Greene	Federalist	1797 (Special) 1799	Incumbent resigned March 5, 1801. Winner elected May 6, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ Christopher Ellery (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire (Class 2)	Samuel Livermore	Federalist	1798 (Special)	Incumbent resigned June 12, 1801. Winner elected June 17, 1801. Federalist hold.	√ Simeon Olcott (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Vermont (Class 3)	Elijah Paine	Federalist	1795 1801	Incumbent resigned September 1, 1801. Winner elected October 15, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ Stephen R. Bradley (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland (Class 3)	William Hindman	Federalist	1800 (Appointed)	Incumbent appointee did not run to finish the term Winner elected November 19, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ Robert Wright (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Carolina (Class 2)	Charles Pinckney	Democratic- Republican	1798 (Special) 1798	Incumbent resigned June 6, 1801. Winner elected December 15, 1801. Democratic-Republican hold.	√ Thomas Sumter (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Pennsylvania (Class 3)	Peter Muhlenberg	Democratic- Republican	1801	Incumbent resigned June 30, 1801. Winner elected December 17, 1801.^[2] Democratic-Republican hold.	√ George Logan (Democratic-Republican) 63.6% Joseph Hiester (Federalist) 28.0% Other 8.4%

References

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

United States Senate elections

1788/89 1790/91 1792/93 1794/95 1796/97 1798/99 1800/01 1802/03 1804/05 1806/07 1808/09 1810/11 1812/13 1814/15 1816/17 1818/19 1820/21 1822/23 1824/25 1826/27 1828/29 1830/31 1832/33 1834/35 1836/37 1838/39 1840/41 1842/43 1844/45 1846/47 1848/49 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888/89 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912/13 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

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