United States Senate elections, 1790 and 1791
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The United States Senate elections of 1790 and 1791 were the second series of elections of Senators in the United States. In these elections, terms were up for the nine Senators in Class 1. As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported President George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party.
As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.
Change in Senate composition
Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[1]
Before the elections
| A5 | A6 | ||||||||
| A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | P18 | P17 | P16 | P15 | P14 | P13 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 |
| P2 | P1 | ||||||||
Results of the elections
| A7 | A8 | A9 | |||||||
| A6 | A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | V1 | P16 | P15 | P14 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 |
| P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||||
Beginning of the next Congress
| A6 | A7 | A8 | |||||||
| A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | V1 | P17 | P16 | P15 | P14 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 |
| P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||||
| Key: |
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Race summaries
General and special elections during the 1st Congress
In these elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1791; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Rhode Island (Class 1) |
New seat | Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Winner elected June 7, 1790 Pro-Administration gain |
√ Theodore Foster (Pro-Administration) | ||
| Rhode Island (Class 2) |
New seat | Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Winner elected June 7, 1790 Anti-Administration gain |
√ Joseph Stanton, Jr. (Anti-Administration) | ||
| Virginia (Special: Class 1) |
John Walker | Pro-Administration | 1790 (Appointed) | William Grayson (A) had died March 12, 1790. Interim appointee served from March 31, 1790, but retired when successor elected. Winner elected November 9, 1790 Anti-Administration gain |
√ James Monroe (Anti-Administration) |
| New Jersey (Special: Class 2) |
William Paterson | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent resigned November 13, 1790 to become Governor of New Jersey. Winner elected November 13, 1790 Pro-Administration hold |
√ Philemon Dickinson (Pro-Administration) |
Races leading to the 2nd Congress
In these general elections, the winner was seated March 4, 1791; ordered by state.
All of these elections involved the Class 1 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Connecticut | Oliver Ellsworth | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Oliver Ellsworth (Pro-Administration) |
| Delaware | George Read | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected in 1791. | √ George Read (Pro-Administration) |
| Maryland | Charles Carroll | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected in 1791. | √ Charles Carroll (Pro-Administration) |
| Massachusetts | Tristram Dalton | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1790. Pro-Administration hold |
√ George Cabot (Pro-Administration) Tristram Dalton (Pro-Administration) |
| New Jersey | Jonathan Elmer | Pro-Administration | 1788 | [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] Pro-Administration hold |
√ John Rutherfurd (Pro-Administration) |
| New York | Philip Schuyler | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected January 19, 1791. Anti-Administration gain |
√ Aaron Burr (Anti-Administration) Philip Schuyler (Pro-Administration) |
| Pennsylvania | William Maclay | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect a successor, leaving the seat vacant. Anti-Administration loss |
None. |
| Rhode Island | Theodore Foster | Pro-Administration | 1790 | Incumbent re-elected in 1791. | √ Theodore Foster (Pro-Administration) |
| Virginia | James Monroe | Anti-Administration | 1790 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1791. | √ James Monroe (Anti-Administration) |
Special and general elections in 1791 during the 2nd Congress
In these elections, the winner was seated after March 4, 1791, the beginning of the next Congress.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Connecticut (Class 3) |
William S. Johnson | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Resigned March 4, 1791. Winner elected June 13, 1791. Pro-Administration hold. |
√ Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration) |
| Vermont (Class 1) |
New seat | Vermont was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. Winner elected November 4, 1791. Anti-Administration gain |
√ Stephen R. Bradley (Anti-Administration) | ||
| Vermont (Class 3) |
New seat | Vermont was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. Winner elected November 4, 1791. Anti-Administration gain |
√ Moses Robinson (Anti-Administration) | ||
See also
References
- ↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.
External links
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
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