United States Senate elections, 1794 and 1795

Dates vary by state

10 of the 30 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections 16 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Federalist	Democratic-Republican
Last election	18 seats (as Pro-Administration) (62.1%)	11 seats (as Anti-Administration) (37.9%)
Seats before	15 (as Pro-Administration) (51.7%)	14 (as Anti-Administration) (48.3%)
Seats won	20 (66.7%)	10 (33.3%)
Seat change	5	4
Seats up	5 (as Pro-Administration)	5 (as Anti-Administration)

Majority faction before election

Pro-Administration

Majority party

Federalist

The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results

4th Congress (1795–1797)

Majority Party: Federalist (20)
Minority Party: Democratic-Republican (10)
Other Parties: 0
Total Seats: 30

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

Note: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[1]

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇	A₈	A₉	A₁₀	A₁₁	A₁₂	A₁₃	A₁₄	V₁
Majority →									P₁₅
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃	P₁₄
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Results of the elections

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇ Hold	A₈ Hold	DR₁ Gain	DR₂ Gain	F₉ Gain	F₈ Gain	F₇ Gain	F₆ Gain	F₅ Gain
Majority →									F₅ Gain
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁ Hold	F₁ Gain	F₂ Gain	F₃ Gain	F₄ Gain
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Beginning of the next Congress

DR₅	DR₄	DR₃	DR₂	DR₁
DR₆	DR₇	DR₈	DR₉	DR₁₀	F₂₀	F₁₉	F₁₈	F₁₇	F₁₆
Majority →									F₁₆
F₆	F₇	F₈	F₉	F₁₀	F₁₁	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅ Gain
F₅	F₄	F₃	F₂	F₁

Key:

A_#	= Anti-Administration
DR_#	= Democratic-Republican
F_#	= Federalist
P_#	= Pro-Administration
V_#	= Vacant

Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the 3rd Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania (Special: Class 1)	Albert Gallatin	Anti-Administration	1793 (Special)	Incumbent had been elected December 2, 1793 to finish a vacant term, but the Senate rejected his qualifications and he was removed February 28, 1794. Winner elected March 31, 1794 as Pro-Administration. Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress. Federalist gain	√ James Ross (Federalist) 51.72% Robert Coleman (Unknown) 40.23% Samuel Sitgreaves (Federalist) 1.15% Not voting 6.7%
Virginia (Special: Class 1)	James Monroe	Anti-Administration	1790 (special)	Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France. Winner elected November 18, 1794 as Anti-Administration. Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress. Democratic-Republican gain	√ Stevens Thomson Mason (Anti-Administration, later Democratic-Republican)
Virginia (Special: Class 2)	John Taylor	Anti-Administration	1792 (Special)	Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794. Winner elected November 18, 1794 as Anti-Administration. Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress. Democratic-Republican gain	√ Henry Tazewell (Anti-Administration, later Democratic-Republican)
Delaware (Special: Class 1)	Vacant			George Read (P) resigned September 18, 1793 to become Chief Justice of Delaware. Winner was elected February 7, 1795 as Pro-Administration. Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress. Federalist gain	√ Henry Latimer (Pro-Administration, later Federalist)

Races leading to the 4th Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut	Stephen Mitchell	Pro-Administration	1793 (Appointed)	Incumbent appointee did not seek election to the full term. Federalist gain	√ Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (Federalist)
Georgia	James Gunn	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Federalist gain	√ James Gunn (Federalist)
Kentucky	John Edwards	Anti-Administration	1792 (New state)	[Data unknown/missing. You can help!] Federalist gain	√ Humphrey Marshall (Federalist)
Maryland	John Henry	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Federalist gain	√ John Henry (Federalist)
New Hampshire	John Langdon	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected to a new party. Democratic-Republican gain	√ John Langdon (Democratic-Republican)
New York	Rufus King	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain	√ Rufus King (Federalist)
North Carolina	Benjamin Hawkins	Anti-Administration	1789	[Data unknown/missing. You can help!] Democratic-Republican gain	√ Timothy Bloodworth (Democratic-Republican)
Pennsylvania	Robert Morris	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1795 Federalist gain	√ William Bingham (Federalist)
South Carolina	Ralph Izard	Pro-Administration	1789	[Data unknown/missing. You can help!] Federalist gain	√ Jacob Read (Federalist)
Vermont	Stephen R. Bradley	Anti-Administration	1791 (New state)	[Data unknown/missing. You can help!] Federalist gain	√ Elijah Paine (Federalist)

References

↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

United States Senate elections

1788/89 1790/91 1792/93 1794/95 1796/97 1798/99 1800/01 1802/03 1804/05 1806/07 1808/09 1810/11 1812/13 1814/15 1816/17 1818/19 1820/21 1822/23 1824/25 1826/27 1828/29 1830/31 1832/33 1834/35 1836/37 1838/39 1840/41 1842/43 1844/45 1846/47 1848/49 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888/89 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912/13 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

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