Submarine earthquake

A submarine, undersea, or underwater earthquake is an earthquake that occurs underwater at the bottom of a body of water, especially an ocean. They are the leading cause of tsunamis. The magnitude can be measured scientifically by the use of the Richter scale and the intensity can be assigned using the Mercalli intensity scale.^[1]

Understanding plate tectonics helps to explain the cause of submarine earthquakes. The Earth's surface or lithosphere comprises tectonic plates which average approximately 50 miles in thickness, and are continuously moving very slowly upon a bed of magma in the asthenosphere and inner mantle. The plates converge upon one another, and one subducts below the other, or, where there is only shear stress, move horizontally past each other (see transform plate boundary below). Little movements called fault creep are minor and not measurable. The plates meet with each other, and if rough spots cause the movement to stop at the edges, the motion of the plates continue. When the rough spots can no longer hold, the sudden release of the built-up motion releases, and the sudden movement under the sea floor causes a submarine earthquake. This area of slippage both horizontally and vertically is called the epicenter, and has the highest magnitude, and causes the greatest damage.

As with a continental earthquake the severity of the damage is not often caused by the earthquake at the rift zone, but rather by events which are triggered by the earthquake. Where a continental earthquake will cause damage and loss of life on land from fires, damaged structures, and flying objects; a submarine earthquake alters the sea bed floor, resulting in a series of waves, and depending on the length and magnitude of the earthquake, huge tidal waves and tsunamis, which bear down on coastal cities causing property damages and loss of life.

Submarine earthquakes can also damage submarine communications cables, leading to widespread disruption of the Internet and international telephone network in those areas. This is particularly common in Asia, where many submarine links cross submarine earthquake zones such as the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Tectonic plate boundaries

Tectonic plate boundaries, showing the directions of plate movements.

Different kinds of boundaries

The different ways in which tectonic plates rub against each other under the ocean or sea floor to create submarine earthquakes. The type of friction created may be due to the characteristic of the geologic fault or the plate boundary as follows. Some of the main areas of large tsunami producing submarine earthquakes are the Pacific Ring of Fire and the Great Sumatran fault.

Convergent plate boundary

The older, and denser plate moves below the lighter plate. The further down it moves, the hotter it becomes, until finally melting altogether at the asthenosphere and inner mantle and the crust is actually destroyed. The location where the two oceanic plates actually meet become deeper and deeper creating trenches with each successive action. There is an interplay of various densities of lithosphere rock, asthenosphere magma, cooling ocean water and plate movement for example the Pacific Ring of Fire. Therefore, the site of the sub oceanic trench will be a site of submarine earthquakes; for example the Mariana Trench, Puerto Rico Trench, and the volcanic arc along the Great Sumatran fault.^[2]

Transform plate boundary

A transform-fault boundary, or simply a transform boundary is where two plates will slide past each other, and the irregular pattern of their edges may catch on each other. The lithosphere is neither added to from the asthenosphere nor is it destroyed as in convergent plate action. For example, along the San Andreas fault strike-slip fault zone, the Pacific Tectonic Plate has been moving along at about 5 cm/yr in a northwesterly direction, whereas the North American Plate is moving south-easterly.^[3]

Divergent plate boundary

Rising convection currents occur where two plates are moving away from each other. In the gap, thus produced hot magma rises up, meets the cooler sea water, cools, and solidifies, attaching to either or both tectonic plate edges creating an oceanic spreading ridge. When the fissure again appears, again magma will rise up, and form new lithosphere crust. If the weakness between the two plates allows the heat and pressure of the asthenosphere to build over a large amount of time, a large quantity of magma will be released pusing up on the plate edges and the magma will solidify under the newly raised plate edges, see formation of a submarine volcano. If the fissure is able to come apart because of the two plates moving apart, in a sudden movement, an earthquake tremor may be felt for example at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Africa.^[4]

List of major submarine earthquakes

The following is a list of major submarine earthquakes.

Date	Event	Location	Estimated moment magnitude ()	Notes
March 11, 2011	2011 Tōhoku earthquake	The epicenter is 130 kilometers (81 mi) off the east coast of the Oshika Peninsula, Tōhoku, with the hypocenter at a depth of 32 km (20 mi).	9.0	This is strongest known earthquake to hit Japan
December 26, 2006	2006 Hengchun earthquakes	The epicenter is off the southwest coast of Taiwan, in the Luzon Strait, which connects the South China Sea with the Philippine Sea.	7.1
December 26, 2004	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake	The epicenter is off the northwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.	9.3	This is the third largest earthquake in recorded history and generated massive tsunamis, which caused widespread devastation when they hit land, leaving an estimated 230,000 people dead in countries around the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.
May 4, 1998		A part of the island of Yonaguni was destroyed by a submarine earthquake.
May 22, 1960	1960 Valdivia earthquake	The epicenter is off the coast of South Central Chile.	9.5	This is the strongest earthquake ever recorded.
December 20, 1946	1946 Nankaido earthquake	The epicenter is off the southern coast of Kii Peninsula and Shikoku, Japan.	8.1
December 7, 1944	1944 Tōnankai earthquake	The epicenter is about 20 km off the coast of the Shima Peninsula in Japan.	8.0
November 18, 1929	1929 Grand Banks earthquake	The epicenter is at Grand Banks, off the south coast of Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean.	7.2
June 15, 1896	1896 Sanriku earthquake	The epicenter is off the Sanriku coast of northeastern Honshū, Japan.	8.5
April 4, 1771		The epicenter is near Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa, Japan.	7.4
January 26, 1700	1700 Cascadia earthquake	The epicenter is offshore from Vancouver Island to northern California.	~9.0	This is one of the largest earthquakes on record.

See also

• Cascadia subduction zone
• Fracture zone
• Geology
• List of plate tectonics topics
• List of tectonic plate interactions
• List of tectonic plates
• Metamorphism
• Plate tectonics
• Sedimentary basin
• Triple junction
• Tsunami

References