Ultra high frequency
| Ultra high frequency (ITU) | |
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Frequency range | 300 MHz to 3 GHz |
Wavelength range | 1 m to 1 dm |
Related bands | |
| Ultra high frequency (IEEE) | |
Frequency range | 300 MHz to 1 GHz |
Wavelength range | 1 m to 3 dm |
Related bands | |
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Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 MHz and 3 GHz, also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one decimetre. Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the SHF (super-high frequency) or microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF (very high frequency) or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight; they are blocked by hills and large buildings although the transmission through building walls is high enough for indoor reception. They are used for television broadcasting, cell phones, satellite communication including GPS, personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, walkie-talkies, cordless phones, and numerous other applications.
The IEEE defines the UHF radar band as frequencies between 300 MHz and 1 GHz.[1] Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band: the L band between 1 and 2 GHz and the S band between 2 and 4 GHz.
Characteristics
The point to point transmission and reception of TV and radio signals is affected by many variables. Atmospheric moisture, solar wind, physical obstructions (such as mountains and buildings), and time of day all affect the signal transmission and the degradation of signal reception. All radio waves are partly absorbed by atmospheric moisture. Atmospheric absorption reduces, or attenuates, the strength of radio signals over long distances. The effects of attenuation degradation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, such as VHF TV signals.
The ionosphere, a layer of the Earth's atmosphere, is filled with charged particles that can reflect some radio waves. Amateur radio enthusiasts primarily use this quality of the ionosphere to help propagate lower frequency HF signals around the world: the waves are trapped, bouncing around in the upper layers of the ionosphere until they are refracted down at another point on the Earth. This is called skywave transmission. UHF TV signals are not carried along the ionosphere but can be reflected off of the charged particles down at another point on Earth in order to reach farther than the typical line-of-sight transmission distances; this is the skip distance. UHF transmission and reception are enhanced or degraded by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. Since the wavelengths of UHF signals are comparable to the size of buildings, trees, vehicles and other common objects, reflection and diffraction affects the propagation of UHF signals, especially in built-up urban areas.
The main advantage of UHF transmission is the short wavelength that is produced by the high frequency. The size of transmission and reception antennas is related to the size of the radio wave. The UHF antenna is stubby and short. Smaller and less conspicuous antennas can be used with higher frequency bands.
The major disadvantage of UHF is its limited broadcast range, often called line-of-sight between the TV station's transmission antenna and customer's reception antenna, as opposed to VHF's longer broadcast range.
UHF is widely used in two-way radio systems and cordless telephones, whose transmission and reception antennas are closely spaced. Transmissions generated by two-way radios and cordless telephones do not travel far enough to interfere with local transmissions. Public safety, business communications and personal radio services such as GMRS, PMR446, and UHF CB are often found on UHF frequencies as well as IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs ("Wi-Fi"). The widely adapted GSM and UMTS cellular networks use UHF cellular frequencies. A repeater propagates UHF signals when a distance greater than the line of sight is required.
Antennas
UHF wavelengths are short enough that efficient transmitting antennas are small enough to mount on handheld and mobile devices, so these frequencies are used for two way land mobile radio systems, such as walkie-talkies, two way radios in vehicles, cordless phones, and cell phones. Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are usually short whips or rubber ducky antennas. Higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of collinear arrays of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and cellular base station antennas.
The short wavelengths also allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small. High gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF television reception are usually Yagi, log periodic, corner reflectors, or reflective array antennas. At the top end of the band slot antennas and parabolic dishes become practical. For satellite communication, helical, and turnstile antennas are used since satellites typically employ circular polarization which is not sensitive to the relative orientation of the transmitting and receiving antennas. For television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are mostly modifications of the slot antenna or helical antenna are used: the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, and panel antennas.
Applications
UHF television broadcasting fulfilled the demand for additional over-the-air television channels in urban areas. Today, much of the bandwidth has been reallocated to land mobile, trunked radio and mobile telephone use. UHF channels are still used for digital television.
UHF spectrum is used world-wide for land mobile radio systems for commercial, industrial, public safety, and military purposes. Many personal radio services use frequencies allocated in the UHF band, although exact frequencies in use differ significantly between countries.
Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks in UHF/VHF range. This allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected to the public switched telephone network and public Internet.
UHF radars are said to be effective at tracking stealth fighters, if not stealth bombers.[2]
Examples of UHF frequency allocations
Australia
- UHF Citizens Band: 476–477 MHz
- Television broadcasting uses UHF channels between 503 and 694 MHz
Canada
- 430–450 MHz: Amateur radio (ham – 70 cm band)
- 470–806 MHz: Terrestrial television (with select channels in the 700 MHz band left vacant)
- 1452–1492 MHz: Digital Audio Broadcasting (L band)[3]
- Many other frequency assignments for Canada and Mexico are similar to their US counterparts
United Kingdom
- 380–399.9 MHz: Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) service for emergency use
- 430–440 MHz: Amateur radio (ham – 70 cm band)
- 446.0–446.1;MHz: Private mobile radio
- 446.1–446.2;MHz: Digital private mobile radio
- 457–464 MHz: Scanning telemetry and telecontrol, assigned mostly to the water, gas, and electricity industries
- 606–614 MHz: Radio microphones and radio-astronomy
- 470–862 MHz: Previously used for analogue TV channels 21–69 (until 2012).
- Currently channels 21–35 and 39–60 are used for Freeview digital TV.[4] Channel 36 is used for radar; channel 38 is used for radio astronomy; channel 69 is used for licensed and licence-exempt wireless microphones.
- 791–862 MHz,[5] i.e. channels 61–69 inclusive, has since been allocated to 4G cellular communications.
- 870–960 MHz: Cellular communications (GSM900 - Vodafone and O2 only) including GSM-R and future TETRA
- 1240–1325 MHz: Amateur radio (ham – 23 cm band)
- 1710–1880 MHz: 2G Cellular communications (GSM1800)
- 1880–1900 MHz: DECT cordless telephone
- 1900–1980 MHz: 3G cellular communications - mobile phone uplink
- 2110–2170 MHz: 3G cellular communications - base station downlink
- 2310–2450 MHz: Amateur radio (ham – 13 cm band)
United States
UHF channels are used for digital television broadcasting on both over the air channels and cable television channels. Since 1962, UHF channels (at the time, channels 14-83) have been required in television receivers by the All-Channel Receiver Act. However, because of their more limited range, and because few sets could receive them until older sets were replaced, UHF channels were less desirable to broadcasters than VHF channels (and sold for lower prices).
A complete list of US Television Frequency allocations can be found at North American Television Frequencies.
The Family Radio Service and General Mobile Radio Service use the 462 and 467 MHz areas of the UHF spectrum.
There is a considerable amount of lawful unlicensed activity (cordless phones, wireless networking) clustered around 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz, regulated under Title 47 CFR Part 15. These ISM bands – frequencies with a higher unlicensed power permitted for use originally by Industrial, Scientific, Medical apparatus – are now becoming some of the most crowded in the spectrum because they are open to everyone. The 2.45 GHz frequency is the standard for use by microwave ovens, adjacent to the frequencies allocated for Bluetooth network devices.
- UHF taboo frequencies, in early television broadcast engineering, were limitations on local channel assignments imposed on broadcasters by inadequate adjacent channel and image frequency interference rejection in the first UHF TV tuner designs. These problems have been corrected in modern digital television receivers.
The spectrum from 806 MHz to 890 MHz (UHF channels 70–83) was taken away from TV broadcast services in 1983, primarily for analogue mobile telephony.
In 2009, as part of the transition from analog to digital over-the-air broadcast of television, the spectrum from 698 MHz to 806 MHz (UHF channels 52–69) was removed from TV broadcasting, making it available for other uses. Channel 55, for instance, was sold to Qualcomm for their MediaFLO service, which is resold under various mobile telephone network brands. Some US broadcasters had been offered incentives to vacate this channel early, permitting its immediate mobile use. The FCC's scheduled auction for this newly available spectrum was completed in March 2008.[6]
The FCC has allowed Americans to connect any device and any application to the 22 MHz of radio spectrum that people are calling the 700 MHz band. The FCC did not make a wholesale condition, which would have required the owner of the band to resale bandwidth to other users which could then sell to the end user. Google argued for this saying that it would have driven up internet competition. Right now, 96% of the country's broadband access is controlled by DSL and cable providers. A wholesale condition could have meant a third option for internet service.[7]
- 225–420 MHz: Government use, including meteorology, military aviation, and federal two-way use[8]
- 420–450 MHz: Government radiolocation and amateur radio (70 cm band)
- 433 MHz: Short range consumer devices including automotive, alarm systems, home automation, temperature sensors
- 450–470 MHz: UHF business band, General Mobile Radio Service, and Family Radio Service 2-way "walkie-talkies", public safety
- 470–512 MHz: Low-band TV channels 14–20 (also shared for land mobile 2-way radio use in some areas)
- 512–698 MHz: Medium-band TV channels 21–51 (Channel 37 used for radio astronomy)
- 698–806 MHz: Was auctioned in March 2008; bidders got full use after the transition to digital TV was completed on June 12, 2009 (formerly high-band UHF TV channels 52–69)
- 806–824 MHz: Public safety and commercial 2-way (formerly TV channels 70–72)
- 824–851 MHz: Cellular A & B franchises, terminal (mobile phone) (formerly TV channels 73–77)
- 851–869 MHz: Public safety and commercial 2-way (formerly TV channels 77–80)
- 869–896 MHz: Cellular A & B franchises, base station (formerly TV channels 80–83)
- 902–928 MHz: ISM band, amateur radio (33 cm band), cordless phones and stereo, radio-frequency identification, datalinks
- 929–930 MHz: Pagers
- 931–932 MHz: Pagers
- 935–941 MHz: Commercial 2-way radio
- 941–960 MHz: Mixed studio-transmitter links, SCADA, other.
- 960–1215 MHz: Aeronautical radionavigation
- 1240–1300 MHz: Amateur radio (23 cm band)
- 1452–1492 MHz: Military use (therefore not available for Digital Audio Broadcasting, unlike Canada/Europe)
- 1575 MHz: GNSS L1 band—GPS, GLONASS, Galileo
- 1710–1755 MHz: AWS mobile phone uplink (UL) operating band
- 1850–1910 MHz: PCS mobile phone—order is A, D, B, E, F, C blocks. A, B, C = 15 MHz; D, E, F = 5 MHz
- 1920–1930 MHz: DECT cordless telephone
- 1930–1990 MHz: PCS base stations—order is A, D, B, E, F, C blocks. A, B, C = 15 MHz; D, E, F = 5 MHz
- 2110–2155 MHz: AWS mobile phone downlink (DL) operating band
- 2300–2310 MHz: Amateur radio (13 cm band, lower segment)
- 2310–2360 MHz: Satellite radio (Sirius and XM)
- 2390–2450 MHz: Amateur radio (13 cm band, upper segment)
- 2400–2483.5 MHz: ISM, IEEE 802.11, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n wireless LAN, IEEE 802.15.4-2006, Bluetooth, radio-controlled aircraft, microwave ovens, ZigBee
See also
- Digital Audio Broadcasting and its regional implementations
- Digital terrestrial television
- Thing (listening device)
References
- ↑ IEEE Std 521-2002 Standard Letter Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands.
- ↑ MINNICK, WENDELL (22 November 2014). "China's Anti-Stealth Radar Comes to Fruition". www.defensenews.com (Gannett). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- ↑ http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/stations/radio/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting.html
- ↑ UK Digital Terrestrial Television Transmitter Frequency and Site Data, Ofcom, retrieved 16 October 2013
- ↑ "800 MHz & 2.6 GHz Combined Award". The Office of Communications. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
- ↑ Going once, twice, the 700MHz spectrum is sold, NY Times, Mar 18 2008
- ↑ FCC opens up US wireless spectrum, The Register, 1 August 2007, Cade Metz
- ↑ http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/rtnwcm/groups/ncs/documents/content/rtn_ncs_products_arc164_pdf.pdf
External links
- U.S. cable television channel frequencies
- Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it).
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