Tyrannosaurus in popular culture
Tyrannosaurus rex is by far the most famous among the dinosaurs.[1] It has been frequently represented in film and on television, in literature, on the internet and on all kinds of games.
General impact
Tyrannosaurus rex is unique among dinosaurs in its place in modern culture; paleontologist Robert Bakker has called it "the most popular dinosaur among people of all ages, all cultures, and all nationalities".[1] From the beginning, it was embraced by the public. Henry Fairfield Osborn, the President of the American Museum of Natural History, billed it the greatest hunter to have ever walked the earth. He stated in 1905,[2]
I propose to make this animal the type of the new genus, Tyrannosaurus, in reference to its size, which far exceeds that of any carnivorous land animal hitherto described...This animal is in fact the ne plus ultra of the evolution of the large carnivorous dinosaurs: in brief it is entitled to the royal and high sounding group name which I have applied to it.
Tyrannosaurus gained widespread public attention on December 30, 1905, when the New York Times hailed T. rex as "the most formidable fighting animal of which there is any record whatever," the "king of all kings in the domain of animal life," "the absolute warlord of the earth," and a "royal man-eater of the jungle."[3] In 1906, Tyrannosaurus was dubbed the "prize fighter of antiquity" and the "Last of the Great Reptiles and the King of Them All."[4]
In 1927, Charles R. Knight painted a mural incorporating Tyrannosaurus facing a Triceratops in the Field Museum of Natural History,[5] establishing the two dinosaurs as enemies in popular thought;[6] paleontologist Phil Currie cites this mural as one of his inspirations to study dinosaurs.[2] Bakker said of the imagined rivalry between Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops, "No matchup between predator and prey has ever been more dramatic. It’s somehow fitting that those two massive antagonists lived out their co-evolutionary belligerence through the very last days of the very last epoch of the Age of Dinosaurs."[6]
Film appearances
Tyrannosaurus rex has played a major role in many films, starting in 1918 with The Ghost of Slumber Mountain, written and directed by stop motion special effects pioneer Willis O'Brien.[7] The Ghost of Slumber Mountain is also, and most likely, the first film showing Tyrannosaurus facing Triceratops. The king of the tyrant lizards came back in 1925 with the classic adaptation of Arthur Conan Doyle's novel The Lost World. Tyrannosaurus fossils weren't so famous at the time of the publication of the novel (1912), and the only main villain dinosaur on the book was Allosaurus, with no appearance of Tyrannosaurus, but this 1925 film featured Tyrannosaurus anyway, for a more dramatic and spectacular effect.[8]
Stop motion animator Willis O'Brien, who had worked on The Ghost of Slumber Mountain and The Lost World, was again responsible of special effects in the 1933 monster movie King Kong, which featured a climactic battle between the giant ape and a Tyrannosaurus. The Tyrannosaurus model was made using a cast based on an early painting by Charles R. Knight. O'Brien stated that the battle between Kong and the Tyrannosaurus was one of the most technically difficult scenes in the film to animate. Many early films depicted Tyrannosaurus with an upright posture based on the current thinking of the time. Most of these films inaccurately portrayed the dinosaur with three prominent fingers on each hand like Allosaurus (though Tyrannosaurus had a third, vestigial finger, it wouldn't have been noticeable at first glance);[9] Walt Disney is reported to have informed dinosaur hunter Barnum Brown that "it looked better that way," and the creature was depicted as such in Disney's Fantasia. Since that time, T. rex has appeared in a great number of "monster" films and educational documentaries.[2] One of the first appearances which portrayed a proper posture and anatomy of Tyrannosaurus is the 1984 short Prehistoric Beast,[10] fully conceived and made by Phil Tippett by means of his so-called go motion technique.
One of the most iconic depictions of Tyrannosaurus in film was in 1993's Jurassic Park, where dinosaurs including T. rex are brought back to life using blood from fossilized mosquitoes. In the film, the dinosaur breaks free of its theme park enclosure, and proceeds to roam the park while killing some of the visitors and staff it encounters. In the film's finale, the Tyrannosaurus indirectly saves the main characters by killing the Velociraptors, who had been hunting them through the visitor center. The popularity of T. rex has long had a reciprocal effect on dinosaur science; the popularity of Jurassic Park factored into the discovery of the dinosaur genus Scipionyx; fossils of this genus had lain in storage in a basement in Italy until the film's release attracted attention from the fossil owner.[11] Two Tyrannosaurus appeared again as antagonists in The Lost World, the sequel to Jurassic Park. After two films, Tyrannosaurus was retired as the main antagonist in Jurassic Park III, but it did appear briefly in a confrontation against the main antagonist, Spinosaurus, only to be killed by it. In a twist, the same Tyrannosaurus from the original 1993 film appears as the climactic protagonist in 2015's Jurassic World. Against-the-odds, it defeats the "Indominus Rex", ironically with the assistance of a Velociraptor, dubbed "Blue".
Tyrannosaurus made a cameo appearance in the film Wayne's World 2 during a scene parodying Jurassic Park.
Among other appearances, Tyrannosaurus has made major appearances in many other films, including Dinosaurus! (1960), The Last Dinosaur (1977), The Land Before Time (1988), We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993), Toy Story (1995), Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997), Night at the Museum (2006), Meet the Robinsons (2007), and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009). The IMAX 3D film T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous (1998) featured a Tyrannosaurus in various time travel sequences, as well as its discoverer, Barnum Brown.
Some Japanese animated films have a Tyrannosaurus as a main protagonist (You Are Umasou 2010) or as the main villain (Daikyouryu no Jidai, The Age of the Great Dinosaurs, 1979). Others have it as a minor antagonist (Magic Tree House, 2011) or as a neutral character (Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur 2006).
The 2012 South-Korean computer-generated film Speckles the Tarbosaurus (titled The Dino King in the USA) has a Tyrannosaurus called One-Eye as the main villain.
In Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014), the powerful Dinobot leader Grimlock transforms into a mechanical Tyrannosaurus.
Television appearances
Tyrannosaurus has starred in several television series, including children's programs, both in those intended as fiction, and, more recently, documentaries.
In Barney & Friends, Barney is a stylized Tyrannosaurus rex. In the Australian children's show The Wiggles, the character "Dorothy the Dinosaur" is a stylized adaptation of a Tyrannosaurus. Some Tyrannosaurus characters appear in Dinosaur Train, most prominently Buddy.
Tyrannosaurus was one of several dinosaurs featured in the 1974 Doctor Who adventure Invasion of the Dinosaurs, starring Jon Pertwee. A sleeping juvenile is also seen on the Silurian ark in "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship". A Time travelled Tyrannosaurus seen on London in "Deep Breath".
In 1985 the 1984 Prehistoric Beast short was served to Robert Guenette to direct a full length TV documentary titled Dinosaur!, for which Phil Tippett made new Tyrannosaurus go motion sequences (chasing Hadrosaurus) in addition of those he made for Prehistoric Beast (where Tyrannosaurus was chasing Monoclonius).
In the 1985 cartoon "Transformers" the popular Autobot, Grimlock, transformed into a mechanical Tyrannosaurus and in later incarnations a "Megaraptor." In the sequel series, "Beast Wars," Megatron, the leader of the Predacons, turned into a techno-organic Tyrannosaurus.
In the cartoon The Terrible Thunderlizards, 'Mr. T' plays a Tyrannosaurus rex called Mr. T-rex. General Galapagos, the boss of the Thunderlizards, is also a Tyrannosaurus.
It plays recurring supporting roles in Dinosaurs (Roy Hess, Earl Sinclair's friend and the Sinclairs' neighbor), Dinosaucers, as well as the anime TV series Dinozaurs (as "Dino Tyranno" and his short-lived evil counterpart "Drago Tyran").
In Blackadder: Back & Forth a massive T. rex attacked Blackadder and Baldrick and after a few panicking moments thanks to Baldricks foolproof goof the predator was killed by his underpants.
In Land of the Lost a Tyrannosaurus rex played the villain in both the 1974 series (as "Grumpy") and the 1991 version (as "Scarface", who had a scar covering his right eye, the result of a fight with a Parasaurolophus inferred from the pilot episode's prologue).
The dinosaur also appears in the shows Dinosaur King (as the Alpha Gang's Terry and the Space Pirates' Gigas) and Dino Riders.
The Phineas and Ferb episode "It's About Time!" has the titular stepbrothers and their older sister Candace get menaced by a Tyrannosaurus when they go back in time to the Mesozoic Era.
In The Simpsons episode Treehouse of Horror III King Homer is shown fighting a Tyrannosaurus. In Treehouse of Horror V Homer encounters the T. rex as one of the dinosaurs that appear after using the toaster time machine. In Treehouse of Horror XII the dragon roars like the T. rex from Jurassic Park. In Days of Future Future a resurrected and trained T. rex was told by a grown-up Bart to do a juggling act, which the dinosaur comically fails due to its tiny arms.
Documentaries and quasi-documentaries featuring Tyrannosaurus have included Dinosaur!, Dinosaur Planet, Prehistoric Park, T. Rex: New Science, New Beast, Dino-Riders, Dink, the Little Dinosaur, The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs, Walking with Dinosaurs, When Dinosaurs Roamed America, Sea Monsters - A Walking with Dinosaurs Trilogy, Valley of the T-Rex, Dinosaurs Decoded, Bizarre Dinosaurs, Animal Armageddon, Jurassic Fight Club, Dinolab, T-rex: Warrior or Wimp?, T. Rex: A Dinosaur in Hollywood, Dinosaur Revolution, and Planet Dinosaur, in which it only appears as an skeleton image.
In the British science fiction humor series Red Dwarf, a bird "de-evolves" into a Tyrannosaurus rex during the 1999 episode "Pete".
Chomper from The Land Before Time (series), as well as Red Claw from the TV series, and Sharptooth from the original film are all tyrannosaurs.
A Tyrannosaurus appeared in Series 5 (2011) of the sci-fi drama, Primeval, where an anomaly opened in London and it rampaged, eating fleeing civilians. It was then shot down by Matt Anderson after killing four people.
Tyrannosaurus-themed mecha have appeared in the Super Sentai series since Kyoryu Sentai Zyuranger in Shogozyu Tyrannosaurus, V-Rex of Mirai Sentai Timeranger, Bakuryu Tyranno of Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger, Gozyu Rex of Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger, and recently Gabutyra of Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger. They also appear in their respective Power Rangers adaptations in Season One of Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers, Power Rangers Time Force, Power Rangers Dino Thunder, Power Rangers Super Megaforce and Power Rangers Dino Charge.
A CGI animated Tyrannosaurus rex named Tina Rex is a bully in Gumball's school in the 2011–present animated series on Cartoon Network, The Amazing World of Gumball.
In Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes Spider-Man is chased by a T .rex in the episode 'New Avengers"
Literature
In literature, a dominant representation of Tyrannosaurus since 1990 has been that of Michael Crichton's, as seen in the novel Jurassic Park and its sequel The Lost World (homage title to the 1912 novel by Arthur Conan Doyle, about scientists discovering a South American plateau where dinosaurs still exist). Its skeleton was also used to illustrate the covers of these books.
Tyrannosaurs appear prominently in the Dino-Hunt series of adventure novels by Max Davine, most notably in the first book, a third of which is narrated by a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex. In these novels, Tyrannosaurus is depicted as having a fuller, fleshier face (including jowls and lips, enabling them to snarl or fully conceal their teeth) than most contemporary representations.
A Tyrannosaurus rex was the protagonist of the children's book We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (later adapted into a feature-length film of the same name). Tyrannosaurus has also been featured in the novel Primeval: Extinction Event, by Dan Abnett.
Tyrannosaurs appear in the 1992-1994 Quintaglio Ascension Trilogy and the 1994 novel End of an Era by Robert J. Sawyer. In the trilogy, the Tyrannosaurs are sentient; two of them are the other-worldly equivalents of Galileo Galilei and Charles Darwin.
A Tyrannosaurus, specifically, 'Sue', an exhibit at Chicago's Field Museum, made a brief appearance in Dead Beat, book seven of The Dresden Files. During the book's climax, on Halloween night when the realms of the living and of spirit are closest, Harry Dresden raises Sue from the dead as a zombie, complete with ectoplasmic flesh, which he rode into battle with a group of necromancers called the Disciples of Kemmler who wanted to ascend to godhood. While necromancy is specifically forbidden by the Laws of Magic, under the Fifth Law, it specifically prohibits the raising of a human, allowing Dresden to exploit a loophole and raise 'Sue'.
Other appearances
Tyrannosaurus has appeared in many media and is perhaps one of the most widely used dinosaurs in existence, and as such many products have been marketed using this dinosaur. Various incarnations of, and creatures based on T. rex have appeared in video games, and several game series have featured Tyrannosaurus a centerpiece. These include 3D Monster Maze, the Dino Crisis/Dino Stalker line, various Jurassic Park tie-in games, the Turok game series, the Zoo Tycoon series, the survival game Ark: Survival Evolved and Tomb Raider.
Numerous models and children's toys depicting Tyrannosaurus have been produced, particularly in promotion of the Jurassic Park films. The Carnegie Museum Dinosaur Collection toy line released two versions of the dinosaur, with the second brought in line with more modern scientific understanding. Sinclair Oil ads from the 1950s frequently featured T. rex, and products from radio-controlled helicopter models to a rifle cartridge (the .577 T-Rex) have been named after the dinosaur. In music, the popular 1970s glam rock band T. Rex took their name from the famous dinosaur.
In the Calvin and Hobbes comics, fantasy sequences often featured Tyrannosaurus rex. In one story arc, in which Calvin writes a school paper on the T. rex predator/scavenger debate, he argues that T. rex was a predator because "They're so much cooler that way." T. rex is also featured as the protagonist in the long-running webcomic Dinosaur Comics by Ryan North. Various T. rex have featured in stories published in the British comic 2000AD. In one of these stories, titled Flesh, the main dinosaur character is an old one-eyed Tyrannosaurus called Old One Eye.
Ursula Dubosarsky's picture book, simply called Rex illustrated by David Mackintosh, concerns a pet lizard who assumes the proportions of a T. rex in the imagination of a series of children.[12]
In Pokémon there's an evolution family consisting of Tyrunt and Tyrantrum both of which resemble a "Tyrannosaurus".[13]
"T-Rex" has at times been used as a racial slur against people from Malta
Tyrannosaurus rex also appears in Mega Man 7 as a mini-boss in Slash Man's stage.
See also
References
- 1 2 Bakker, Robert (2000). "Prologue". In Fiffer S. Tyrannosaurus Sue. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company. pp. xi–xiv. ISBN 0-7167-4017-6.
- 1 2 3 John "Jack" Horner and Don "Dino" Lessem, The Complete T. Rex (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), pages 58–62
- ↑ “Mining for Mammoths in the Badlands: How Tyrannosaurus Rex Was Dug Out of His 8,000,000 Year old Tomb,” The New York Times, December 3, 1905, page SM1.
- ↑ "The Prize Fighter of Antiquity Discovered and Restored," The New York Times December 30, 1906, page 21.
- ↑ “Charles Knight: Prehistoric Visions of a Beloved Muralist” 2002 Field Museum, In the Field article by Alexander Sherman
- 1 2 Bakker, R.T. 1986. The Dinosaur Heresies. New York: Kensington Publishing, p. 240. On that page, Bakker has his own T. rex/Triceratops fight.
- ↑ T. rex: A Dinosaur in Hollywood (2005 documentary)
- ↑ T. rex didn't actually feature in the book but O'Brien made sure there was a role for him in the film, T. rex: A Dinosaur in Hollywood (2005 documentary)
- ↑ "T. rex's Missing 3rd Finger Found," Discovery News October 17, 2007.
- ↑ Prehistoric Beast digital restoration, as published on April 6 2011 by the Phil Tippett Studio's official channel in YouTube
- ↑ Poling, Jeff (1998). "Skippy the dinosaur". Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- ↑ http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/757858.Rex Retrieved 11 July 2012
- ↑ http://www.thelittlenerd.com/pokemon-tyrunt-tyrantrum/