Liberty Place

Liberty Place

One and Two Liberty Place

One and Two Liberty Place
General information
Status Complete
Type Commercial offices
Residential
Hotel
Retail
Location Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Groundbreaking Phase 1: May 13, 1985
Phase 2: February 16, 1988
Completed Phase 1: 1987
Phase 2: 1990
Owner Sunbelt Management
Parkway Properties Inc.
Teacher Retirement System of Texas
Falcone Group
HEI Hospitality
Height
Architectural 945 feet (288 m)[1] / 848 feet (258 m)[2]
Top floor Phase 1: 784 feet (239 m)[1]
Technical details
Floor count 61[1] / 58[2]
Floor area 111,483 square metres (1,199,990 sq ft)[1]
Lifts/elevators Phase 2: 24[2]
Design and construction
Architect Helmut Jahn
Architecture firm Murphy/Jahn
Developer Rouse & Associates
Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti
References
[1][2]

Liberty Place is a skyscraper complex in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The complex is composed of a 61-story 945-foot (288 m) skyscraper called One Liberty Place, a 58-story 848-foot (258 m) skyscraper called Two Liberty Place, a two-story shopping mall called the Shops at Liberty Place, and the 14-story Westin Philadelphia Hotel. Prior to the construction of Liberty Place, there was a "gentlemen's agreement" not to build any structure in Center City higher than the statue of William Penn on top of Philadelphia City Hall. The tradition lasted until 1984 when developer Willard G. Rouse III of Rouse & Associates announced plans to build an office building complex that included two towers taller than City Hall. There was a great amount of opposition to the construction of the towers with critics believing breaking the height limit would lead to construction of many more tall skyscrapers, ruining the livability and charm of Center City. Despite the opposition, construction of One Liberty Place was approved and the first phase of the project began in 1985 and was completed in 1987. When One Liberty Place was completed, it was the tallest skyscraper in Philadelphia.

Phase 2 of the project included Two Liberty Place, a hotel, a shopping mall, and a parking garage. Construction began 1988 after Cigna agreed to lease the entirety of the skyscraper. Construction was completed in 1990, making Two Liberty Place the second-tallest building in the city. The two towers held their place as first and second tallest buildings in Philadelphia until the Comcast Center was topped off in 2007. Liberty Place was received enthusiastically by critics and led to the construction of other tall skyscrapers giving Philadelphia what architecture critic Paul Goldberger called "one of the most appealing skylines of any major American city".[3]

Liberty Place was designed by architect Helmut Jahn and his firm Murphy/Jahn. The steel and blue glass skyscrapers were heavily influenced by New York City's Chrysler Building. The major influence is the spire made of gabled angular setbacks. Two Liberty Place's spire is shorter and squatter, a design influenced by the needs of tenant Cigna. In the 2000s Cigna reduced its presence in the tower, which led to the owners converting the upper floors into 122 luxury condominiums. Below the two towers is the 289 room Westin hotel and the 143,000 square feet (13,000 m2) Shops at Liberty Place. The main feature of the mall is a round atrium topped by a large glass dome.

History

Planning and controversy

One Liberty Place (back) looms over City Hall (front).

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, there was a "gentlemen's agreement" not to build any structure in Center City higher than the statue of William Penn on top of Philadelphia City Hall. The tradition lasted until the 1980s when developer Willard G. Rouse III of Rouse & Associates announced plans to build an office building complex that included two towers taller than City Hall.[4][5] Prior to any development plans, Rouse wanted to acquire prime real estate in Philadelphia and he eyed a block in Center City occupied by parking lots and several small buildings. The Oliver Tyrone Pulver Corp. also eyed the land for development and the company and Rouse both vied for the block of land by buying small lots throughout the site. Neither developer was able to acquire enough contiguous space to build a large office building, so after a lawsuit and failed negotiations, the two developers agreed to an organized bidding war for each other's properties. Under the rules agreed upon, the highest bidder would get the option to buy the other's property. Rouse won the auction in 1983 for an undisclosed amount.[6][7] Originally, Rouse envisioned a $US150 million 38-story skyscraper but on April 5, 1984 Rouse officially announced his plans to build a complex that would include two office towers, one 65 stories the other 55 stories, a hotel, and retail space. Rumors and local lore speculate Rouse spent so much money buying the land that he had to build something that justified the expense.[4][5][6]

Opposition to the project had begun before the April 5 official announcement at a Planning Commission meeting. The meeting was attended by 300 people and a number of attendees were opposed or skeptical of the idea that the skyscrapers would be taller than City Hall. Critics feared breaking the "gentlemen's agreement" would lead to the development of more tall skyscrapers that would end up dwarfing City Hall and changing the makeup of the city. Critic of the plan and former Philadelphia city planner Edmund Bacon said, "Once [the height ceiling is] smashed, it's gone." A phone poll conducted by the Philadelphia Daily News had callers opposing breaking the height barrier by 3,809 to 1,822 and Philadelphia Inquirer editorial feared the skyscrapers would ruin downtown. The location of City Hall was intended as the city's center from the city's founding and critics feared taller buildings would move the city's center away from City Hall. Critics of breaking the height ceiling favored the smaller scale of the cityscape and felt that a Philadelphia with skyscrapers would affect the livability of the city. Edmund Bacon and Center City civic leaders said that Philadelphia owes its livability and charm to its low profile. Chairman of the City Planning Commission, Graham S. Finney, noted that there was a general feeling that the sky above the city was considered a public space. Supporters of breaking the height limitation noted that the project would bring needed jobs and business to Center City and that shorter buildings were already blocking views of City Hall from certain directions.[4][8][9]

A planning commission meeting was held on May 3 to decide if they would approve skyscrapers that break the height limit. Executive director of the commissioners, Barbara J. Kaplan, said the project had "substantial merit" and "that there is an opportunity here we should not pass up". She cited that the project would create 12,000 jobs and US$15 million in tax revenue. Opponent Lee Copeland, dean of the University of Pennsylvania's Graduate School of Fine Arts, said the height limit was "a kind of Philadelphia golden rule which is part of the spirit and tradition of our past". The meeting ended with the commission deciding to prevent buildings taller than City Hall while it studies the issue for one year.[10] In May, the Philadelphia City Council announced its support for the project because of the jobs it would create. On June 13, Philadelphia mayor Wilson Goode came out in favor of the project. He proposed the creation of a special ordinance that would allow buildings taller than City Hall between 16th and 20th Streets and the north side of Chestnut Street and the south side of John F. Kennedy Boulevard.[11][12] Upset at the mayor's support for the project, Edmund Bacon resigned from a commission about Philadelphia's future.[13] Bacon called the complex "a total disaster", adding that, "It absolutely decimates the scale of Center City, and once it's been done, there's no stopping it."[14]

Construction

Phase 1 of the complex, called One Liberty Place, broke ground on May 13, 1985. One Liberty Place would be the tallest structure of the complex.[15] The skyscraper became the tallest structure in Philadelphia on September 10, 1986 when the first 25 feet (7.6 m) long steel columns of the skyscraper's 44th floor were installed.[16] One Liberty Place was topped off on December 12 with a ceremony that included a laser light show and Mayor Goode who said the tower "breaks the status quo of the city and says we arrived".[17] On March 27, 1987 Robert Heenan, Jr., a 22-year-old glazier, fell 42 stories to his death after his safety line snapped when it got caught in a hoist mechanism.[18] A month later, on May 27, the tower's spire was placed at the top of the building.[19] Placing the spire was delayed when it was discovered sections of the spire didn't align with each other and had to be re-welded.[20] Conrail became the first major tenant to lease space when it signed its lease in December 1985, but by April 1987 only twenty percent of the building was leased.[21][22] Conrail became the first tenant to move in when the building officially opened on August 17.[23]

One Liberty Place was only about one-third full by the end of 1987 when plans for Two Liberty Place were given the green light after Cigna agreed to relocate its 4,400 employees from 15 different Philadelphia buildings to the skyscraper. Cigna agreed to lease the entire 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) of Two Liberty Place on December 14.[24] Phase 2 of the complex broke ground on February 16, 1988 with a ceremony that included thousands of purple, blue, and white balloons being released. Phase two of the project consisted of the remainder of the Liberty Place complex, the Two Liberty Tower, a Ritz-Carlton Hotel, a two-story shopping mall, and a parking garage.[25] The Ritz-Carlton Hotel opened on November 5, 1990, and the shopping mall, called Shops at Liberty Place, opened a week later on November 13. The mall opened during an economic downturn and a quarter of the mall space was vacant.[9][26] Fifty stores and fourteen restaurants leased space when the mall opened.[27] Two Liberty Place finished construction by the end of the year.[28]

1990 - present

One Liberty Place (front) and Two Liberty Place (back).

In 1990, Rouse sold his interest in One Liberty Place to Japanese insurance company Chyoda. Also, in 1995, the owners of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, which included Rouse, defaulted on its US$64 million loan.[29][30] After a sheriff's auction on December 4 of that year, the creditor, Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association, took ownership of the property. The hotel again changed ownership in 1996 when Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association agreed to sell all its hotel properties to Starwood Lodging Trust.[31] In 1999 One Liberty Place, Two Liberty Place, and the Shops of Liberty Place were put up for sale. At the time, One Liberty Place was owned by Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and Chyoda. Two Liberty Place was owned by a partnership led by Willard Rouse called 1650 Market Associates and the Shops of Liberty Place was owned jointly by the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and 1650 Market Associates.[29] One Liberty Place and the Shops at Liberty Place were sold later that year to Sunbelt Management a Palm Beach Gardens, Florida firm owned by German businessman Hugo Mann. Sunbelt acquired the property for a bargain price of US$250 million. The bargain price was a result of One Liberty Place being 99.9 percent leased at the time of the sale and the majority of long-term leases signed when the real estate market was depressed. Rents for One Liberty Place were around US$10 lower than competing office buildings. Two Liberty Place was struggling to find a buyer because it was uncertain Cigna would renew its lease which would expire in 2006.[32]

In January 1999, the Ritz-Carlton announced it would not be renewing its lease at its Liberty Place location and would be relocating to Two Mellon Center.[33] St. Regis hotel took its place later that year. The St. Regis wasn't able to maintain the same room rates as Philadelphia's other luxury hotels and was re-branded as the Westin in February 2000, now focusing on business travelers.[34] In June 2002, Two Liberty Place was sold to the Shorenstein Company of San Francisco. The sale was reported to be for $US200 million and included Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association continuing as first-mortgage lender.[35] On April 26, 2004, Cigna announced it would remain in Two Liberty Place after getting millions of dollars in incentives from the city and state, though would be leasing less space.[36] Now with 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2) vacant, Shorenstein Co. and Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association sold their interests in Two Liberty Place to private equity firm America's Capital Partners and its partner residential developer Falcone Group for US$151 million.[37]

Shortly after buying Two Liberty Place, America's Capital Partners announced it would be converting the top floors of the skyscraper into luxury condominiums. The Residences at Two Liberty officially opened March 7 with the sample units finished. Conversion of the upper floors on the remaining 122 condominiums began that same month.[38] In 2008 newly moved in condominium owners were outraged at the plan of putting two Unisys signs with illuminated 9.8 feet (3.0 m) high red letters more than halfway up two sides of Two Liberty Place. Information technology company, Unisys Corp., was planning to make four floors of the skyscraper its corporate headquarters and the signs were part of its plan to re-brand the company.[39] The Philadelphia Zoning Board eventually rejected the sign idea and Unisys ended up not moving its headquarters out of Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, noting the economy, and not rejection of the sign, was the basis for the decision.[36]

The Westin Philadelphia was sold by Starwood Hotels in November 2005 to hotel owner HEI Hospitality. In 2006, HEI Hospitality spent US$10 million on renovating the hotel which included updating the decor and adding wireless internet access.[40] On June 18, 2007, a new skyscraper, the Comcast Center was topped off and officially became the tallest building in the city. The Comcast Center ended One Liberty Place's 19-year place as Philadelphia's tallest building.[41] In September 2009, Eola Capital acquired America's Capital Partners' entire office building portfolio, including the office portion of Two Liberty Place. Parkway Properties Inc. bought Eola's property-management business and office properties in 2011. The Teacher Retirement System of Texas was also part of the transaction would own 70 percent of the building while Parkway would hold 19 percent stake in the building. Utah Retirement Systems, a public pension fund, also owns an 11 percent stake in the skyscraper.[42]

Architecture

Liberty Place is a building complex consisting of two skyscrapers, a hotel, parking garage, and a shopping mall that connects the structures. Located in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Liberty Place was designed by Chicago-based architectural firm Murphy/Jahn. Architect Helmut Jahn designed One Liberty Place and was a consulting architect for the rest of the complex.[3][7] The two skyscrapers are constructed with a steel structure held up with eight large pillars on the buildings' perimeters and a central core that contains the elevators. The perimeter pillars are connected to keep the towers rigid while allowing for the maximum amount of interior space. The exterior of the towers are made up of granite, aluminium, and glass panels, with the amount of glass used increasing at the towers' spires. The majority of the exteriors on the lower levels and rest of the complex is made of stone.[28][43]

One Liberty Place

Located on the corner of Market and 17th Streets, One Liberty Place is 61 stories tall. At 945 feet (288 m), it is the second tallest building in Philadelphia.[1] One Liberty Place contains 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) with an average floor size of 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2). Helmut Jahn is an admirer of American eclecticism and Art Deco and when designing Liberty Place he used New York City's Chrysler Building as a reference. Rouse said that he calls it the "Son of Chrysler" because of the similarity in design.[7][15][28][43] The most notable similarity to the Chrysler Building is the 146 feet (45 m) tall spire that crowns the skyscraper. One Liberty Place's spire is made up of four gabled setbacks leading up to a 2-ton, 47 feet (14 m) long steel spire on top. Instead of curved setbacks like on the Chrysler Building, One Liberty Place's setbacks use straight angular edges.[19][28]

Design of Liberty Place was heavily influenced by the Chrysler Building.

Like the Chrysler Building, One Liberty Place has a square shape with recessed corners. The facade is also inspired by the Chrysler Building, using glass and aluminum to invoke the Chrysler Building's horizontal and vertical shapes along the building's core.[28] The facade's color ranges between grays, silver, and metallic blues and uses horizontal bands of granite and glass to de-emphasize the visual impact of the height of the tower.[7][44] The building's lobby features white and gray marble imported from Italy.[45] The elevator lobby and the elevator cabs echo the shape of the building's spire while the elevator doors feature abstraction of One Liberty Place itself.[44]

Two Liberty Place

Two Liberty Place with Westin hotel below it.

Two Liberty Place is based on the same influences as its counterpart tower and uses a similar shape and matching facade. Located at the corner of 16th and Chestnut Streets, Two Liberty Place is 847 feet (258 m) tall making it the third tallest building in the city. The 58-story tall skyscraper is shorter than its counterpart, but also contains about 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) of space. Two Liberty Place's spire contains fewer gabled setbacks giving the tower a more squat appearance, but allowing about the same amount of interior space as One Liberty Place.[28][37] The design of the spire was a result of the building's intended tenant Cigna which wanted the large floor space.[3]

Floors 37, 40 to 57 is about 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2) of condominium space. Floors 38, 39 and 58 are mechanical floors.[46] The 122 luxury condominiums, called The Residences at Two Liberty, are the highest in the city with condominiums located between 546 and 765 feet (166 and 233 m) above ground level. Every condominium unit features a cappuccino machine, Italian-made Snaidero kitchen cabinetry, Miele appliances, and concierge service. The 37th floor contains a full spa and sauna, pool, and a gourmet restaurant called R2L which opened on January 21, 2010. The restaurant occupies 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) and can seat almost 300. The condominiums range in price between US$800,000 for a 40th floor single bedroom to more than US$15 millions for a 7,200 square feet (670 m2) penthouse.[38][47][48] Because of low sales of the condos, the top portion of the building was to be converted into a boutique hotel in 2013. Due to low interest in the hotel, the top 10 floors of The Residences (floors 48-57) are to be converted into 60 condo units in 2015.[49] Two Liberty Place's lobby was originally specifically designed for Cigna which used to lease the entire building. After Cigna reduced its presence in the tower, three separate lobbies were created, each with its own elevator bank, one for Cigna, one for the other corporate tenants, and the third for the residents.[46]

Hotel and mall

The Westin Philadelphia is a 14-story hotel located on 17th Street. The Westin contains 289 rooms, 14,000 square feet (1,300 m2) of meeting space, a ballroom, and a restaurant. Near the entrance of the Westin on 17th Street is the entrance to Liberty Place's underground parking garage. The four-story garage, which also has an entrance on 16th street, has room for 750 cars.[9][36][43]

The Shops at Liberty Place contains 143,000 square feet (13,000 m2).[29] The two story mall faces Chestnut Street between 16th and 17th Street. The mall was designed to contain between 80 and 85 stores, including a food court area. The mall's main feature is a round atrium that is topped by a large glass dome.[27][28] The dome is actually in the shape of a tetracontagon allowing a large amount of light into the mall and allows views of the Liberty Place towers and the PNC Bank Building.[50] The glass dome is based on the main conservatory at the New York Botanical Garden.[7]

Reception and legacy

The construction of One Liberty Place radically changed the Philadelphia skyline. While critics were upset the building would be taller than City Hall, flat topped office buildings nearly as tall had surrounded much of City Hall. With the construction of One Liberty Place, Philadelphia now had a definable skyline that it hadn't had since City Hall was obscured. The breaking of the gentlemen's agreement paved way for other skyscrapers taller than City Hall. After One Liberty Place was approved, a building boom of tall office skyscrapers in Center City such as the Mellon Bank Center and Commerce Square. This construction boom, which lasted until the early 1990s, turned the West Market Street district into the city's premiere office location and gave what architecture critic Paul Goldberger called "one of the most appealing skylines of any major American city".[3][6] The success of Liberty Place, along with helping expose an extortion scheme involving a city councilman, helped turned developer Willard Rouse into "Public Hero No. 1" in Philadelphia during the late 1980s.[51]

On April 5, 1984 The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote "By 'gentlemen's agreement' (the statue of William Penn atop City Hall) remains highest. It is a supremacy that must be maintained, for philosophical and aesthetic and, indeed, economic reasons - density caused by towering skyscrapers is one of the surest ways to render a downtown ruinously overbuilt while its fringes wither." In 1990, the Inquirer took it all back, noting that Rouse transformed Philadelphia's skyline to near universal acclaim.[9] In 1987, Paul Goldberger called One Liberty Place the best skyscraper Helmut Jahn has ever designed and the best skyscraper built in Philadelphia since the PSFS Building. Goldberger noted that "The skyline of Philadelphia, far from being destroyed by One Liberty Place, is in fact given new life by this building. The skyline has been transformed from one of the flattest of any American city to one of the richest." He praised the shape which he said "strikes a remarkable balance between dignity and verve". He was critical that the building was too busy with too many panels and stripes, but acknowledge it was more restrained than other of Helmut Jahn's buildings.[44]

Two Liberty Place was less warmly received by critics. Goldberger said that despite the similarity in appearance Two Liberty was "as much of a slab as a tower, with a spire that looks as if it was plopped awkwardly on top instead of having grown naturally out of the building's overall form." He also criticized giving One Liberty Place a smaller, similar twin which he said gives the complex an odd look.[3]

A story of the "curse" of Billy Penn sprang up after Philadelphia sports teams failed to win championship games after the construction of One Liberty Place. The "curse" stated that no Philadelphia sports team will win a championship while a building rises taller than the statue of William Penn on City Hall. Construction of the Comcast Center included a small statue of William Penn on the tower's highest point and in 2008 the Philadelphia Phillies won the World Series, effectively proving the "curse".[52][53]

Tenants

One Liberty Place

Close-up of One Liberty Place spire.

One Liberty Place's first two tenants were railroad company Conrail and the law firm Hoyle, Morris & Kerr. Occupying the building between August 1987 and 1992, Conrail leased about 115,000 square feet (11,000 m2). Hoyle, Morris & Kerr leased 63,000 square feet (5,900 m2) and moved into the tower in November 1987.[19][54] Law firm Reed Smith Shaw & McClay also moved into the skyscraper in 1987. The law firm leases 110,538 square feet (10,000 m2) on floors 24 through 27.[55] Another law firm, White and Williams, leased space in 1990. The firm occupies 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2) on floors 15 through 20.[56]

Other tenants include American International Group which leases 123,500 square feet (11,000 m2),[57] global management consulting firm ZS Associates,[58] and pharmaceutical consulting firm Campbell Alliance.[59] Brokerage firm Smith Barney leases 49,394 square feet (4,600 m2) at One Liberty Place on the 42nd and 43rd floors,[60] high-profile plaintiff law firm Saltz, Mongeluzzi, Barrett and Bendesky leases space on the 52nd floor,[61] Merrill Lynch leases space on the 29th floor,[62] and JPMorgan Chase began leasing space on the 47th floor in 1998.[63]

New tenants in the 2000s include Pelino & Lentz which leased 32,770 square feet (3,000 m2) in 2005 and Clark Capital which moved into 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) on the 53rd floor in January 2006.[64][65] Kleinbard Bell & Brecker leased 20,400 square feet (1,900 m2) on the 46th floor in 2007 and Baker Tilly has leased 50,000 square feet (4,600 m2) on the 44th and 45th floors since 2008.[66][67] Past tenants include Pennrose Properties LLC,[68] intellectual property law firm Woodcock Washburn,[69] Logan Capital Management,[70] Chubb Corp.,[71] law firm Duane Morris, and Cigna which leased 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2) until it consolidated space in Two Liberty Place in 2006.[72]

One Liberty Place is leased and managed by Cushman & Wakefield. The management office is located on the 6th floor.[73] Cushman & Wakefield's Philadelphia office is also housed in One Liberty Place on the 33rd floor.[74]

Philly From The Top - southwest view

In December 2014, it was announced that Paris-based Montparnasse 56 Group (M56), would open an observation deck on the 57th floor of One Liberty Place. The observation deck, called Philly From The Top, opened to the public on November 28, 2015.[75][76]

Two Liberty Place

Cigna leased the entirety of Two Liberty Place from its opening to 1999 when it sold its property and casualty unit to ACE Limited[77] By 2007 Ace Ltd. had left for 436 Walnut St. and Cigna had shrunk its presence in the tower to 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2). What was not converted into condominium space in 2007 was the first office space in Two Liberty open for leasing in the skyscraper's history.[46]

Law firm Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott moved into 50,000 square feet (4,600 m2) in January 2007 and BremnerDuke Healthcare moved into the tower in 2008.[78][79] Unisys Corp. originally intended to make Two Liberty Place its headquarters but never moved in. The nearly 90,000 square feet (8,400 m2) of space Unisys leases is being subleased to others.[80] Tenants subleasing from Unisys include real estate brokerage firm Studley, Inc. which previously had leased space in One Liberty Place. Studley Inc. occupies 6,842 square feet (640 m2) on the 34th floor and moved into the skyscraper in 2010.[81] Law firm Duffy and Keenan leased space in 2008,[82] Grosvenor Capital Management leased 16,275 square feet (1,500 m2) also in 2008,[83] law firm Kutak Rock leased space on the 28th floor in July 2009,[84] and in 2009 law firm Buchanan, Ingersoll & Rooney moved into Two Liberty Place, occupying 77,018 square feet (7,200 m2) of the 31st, 32nd, and 33rd floors of the tower.[85] Other tenants include law firm Elliott Greenleaf and Republic First Bancorp.[82][86]

Notable residents of The Residences at Two Liberty include Tom Knox who paid US$7.68 million for a condominium.[87] Another notable resident is Chase Lenfest, son of media entrepreneur H. F. Lenfest who paid US$7.68 million for a penthouse.[88] Bon Jovi lead guitarist Richie Sambora spent US$3.58 million for a luxury condominium of the 52nd floor.[89] Other residents have included former Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Cole Hamels, former Philadelphia 76ers player Andre Iguodala, and executives from Comcast, GlaxoSmithKline, and Cigna.[90] As a result of slow sales, the top floors (48-57) of the Residences at Two Liberty Place were going to be converted into a boutique hotel.[91] Due to low interest in using the space as a hotel, plans for the hotel were scrapped, and instead, the raw floors are being converted into 60 condo units in 2015.[49]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "One Liberty Place - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Two Liberty Place - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Goldberger, Paul (June 24, 1990). "Architecture View; Philadelphia Carves Out a New Skyline". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 Robbins, William (April 15, 1984). "Philadelphians Split on Curbing Building Height". The New York Times.
  5. 1 2 Robbins, William (April 6, 1984). "Philadelphians Split on Curbing Building Height". The Philadelphia Inquirer: A01.
  6. 1 2 3 Kostelni, Natalie (August 5, 2002). "1984: More than a skyscraper". Philadelphia Business Journal. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Leach, Peter T. (May 12, 1985). "Philadelphia: Rouse Towers Aim to Break Mold And Revivify Center City Streets". The New York Times. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Wm. Penn may lose position as man at top". Beaver County Times: D4. May 13, 1984.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Taking it All Back Liberty Place Turned Out to be a Swell Idea". The Philadelphia Inquirer: A26. November 13, 1990.
  10. ↑ "William Penn's Hat is Still the Limit". Observer-Reporter: A–5. May 5, 1984.
  11. ↑ "Philadelphia Mayor Approves Higher Than Penn's Hat". Bangor Daily News: 6. June 14, 1984.
  12. ↑ "An Opportunity for Change - From the Ground Up". The Philadelphia Inquirer: A02. June 14, 1984.
  13. ↑ "Highly Upset, Bacon Resigns". Philadelphia Daily News: 4. June 7, 1984.
  14. ↑ Stevens, William K. (October 2, 1985). "Center City's Charm and a Hole in the Ground". The New York Times: A20.
  15. 1 2 "City's Tallest Tower Has Groundbreaking". The Philadelphia Inquirer: A01. May 14, 1985.
  16. ↑ "Billy Penn no Longer the High Spot". The Philadelphia Inquirer: B01. September 11, 1986.
  17. ↑ Burke, Richard (December 14, 1985). "Philadelphia Hopes Rise by 60 Stories". The New York Times: 40.
  18. ↑ "Liberty Place Worker Falls 42 Floors to His Death". The Philadelphia Inquirer: B01. March 28, 1987.
  19. 1 2 3 Stevens, William K. (May 28, 1987). "Room at the Top for One Liberty Place, Tallest Isn't Fullest". The Philadelphia Inquirer: B08. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  20. ↑ McCain, Mark (November 22, 1987). "Building Crowns; Bold New Flourishes Embellish the Tops of Towers". The New York Times: R25.
  21. ↑ "Conrail Signs Lease for One Liberty Place". The Philadelphia Inquirer: 97. December 5, 1986.
  22. ↑ Hoopes, Judith (April 12, 1987). "Towering Over William Penn; Philadelphia". The New York Times: R25.
  23. ↑ "A Moving Day on a Grand Scale". The Philadelphia Inquirer: B07. August 16, 1987.
  24. ↑ "Cigna To Remain In Phila.". Reading Eagle: 14. December 15, 1987.
  25. ↑ "Sweet Land of Liberty Finish for One, Start for Two". The Philadelphia Inquirer: C01. February 17, 1988.
  26. ↑ "Hotel Luxury Laps Up Center City". The Philadelphia Inquirer: 23. November 6, 1990.
  27. 1 2 "At Shopping Mall, Race To Finish". The Philadelphia Inquirer: B01. November 13, 1990.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Terranova, Antonio (2003). Skyscrapers. Vercelli, Italy: White Star S.r.l. pp. 153–158. ISBN 0-7607-4733-4.
  29. 1 2 3 Walsh, Thomas J. (April 12, 1999). "Liberty Place towers up for sale". Philadelphia Business Journal. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  30. ↑ "Creditor Takes Control of Ritz-Carlton Hotel". Philadelphia Daily News: 20. December 5, 1995.
  31. ↑ Crumpley, Charles R.T. (May 18, 1996). "California company to buy KC's Ritz-Carlton Teachers Insurance will sell all its hotels to the Starwood trust". The Kansas City Star: B2.
  32. ↑ Warner, Susan (July 27, 1999). "German Investor Gets Bargain in Philadelphia Office Tower". The Philadelphia Inquirer: A01.
  33. ↑ Walsh, Thomas J. (June 24, 2002). "Remodel may now be a Ritz". Philadelphia Business Journal. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  34. ↑ Belden, Tom (December 27, 1999). "Starwood Takes Over Luxury Hotel in Downtown Philadelphia". The Philadelphia Inquirer: A01.
  35. ↑ Kostelni, Natalie (June 24, 2002). "Two Liberty Place sold". Philadelphia Business Journal. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  36. 1 2 3 "Cigna got incentives to stay in Philadelphia". Philadelphia Business Journal. April 27, 2004. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  37. 1 2 Kostelni, Natalie (September 19, 2005). "3 years later, Two Liberty sells for less". Philadelphia Business Journal. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  38. 1 2 Parmley, Suzette (March 3, 2007). "Two Liberty's new view: From offices to condo". The Philadelphia Inquirer: A1, A6.
  39. ↑ Ganim, Sara (June 22, 2008). "Philly condo owners see red over skyscraper signs planned by Unisys". The Canadian Press.
  40. ↑ "$10M face-lift on the menu for the Westin". Philadelphia Business Journal. November 20, 2006. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
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  42. ↑ Armstrong, Mike (May 13, 2011). "PhillyInc: Again, Two Liberty Place changes hands". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberty Place.
Records
Preceded by
U.S. Steel Tower		 Tallest building Pennsylvania
288 metres (945 ft)
1987-2008 		Succeeded by
Comcast Center
Preceded by
Philadelphia City Hall		 Tallest building in Philadelphia
288 metres (945 ft)
1987-2008 		Succeeded by
Comcast Center

Coordinates: 39°57′08″N 75°10′04″W / 39.9522°N 75.1678°W / 39.9522; -75.1678

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