Turkish Naval Forces

Turkish Naval Forces
Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri

Seal of the Turkish Navy
Active
  • 1081 (official claim)[1]
  • July 10, 1920 (as the Directorate of Naval Affairs)[1]
  • July 1, 1949 (as the Turkish Naval Forces Command)[2]
Country  Turkey
Type Navy
Role Naval warfare
Size 48,600 personnel[3]
51 aircraft [4]
Part of Turkish Armed Forces
Headquarters Ankara
Motto "Always Ready"
Colors Blue, White & Gold             
March Turkish Navy March  Play 
Anniversaries September 27[1]
Website dzkk.tsk.tr/
Commanders
Commander Adm. Bülent Bostanoğlu
Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Serdar Dülger
Insignia
Flag of Turkish
Naval Forces
Command
Naval Aviation Roundel
Masthead Pennant

The Turkish Naval Forces (Turkish: Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri), or Turkish Navy (Turkish: Türk Donanması) is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces.

The navy can trace its lineage back to the first Turkish fleets to sail the Aegean in the late 11th century, the fleets of the Anatolian beyliks in the 14th century, and, more immediately, to the Ottoman Navy. However, the modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was established as the Directorate of Naval Affairs during the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since July 1949, the service has been officially known as the Turkish Naval Forces.

In 2008, the Turkish Navy had a reported active personnel strength of 48,600; this figure included an Amphibious Marines Brigade as well as several Special Forces and Commando detachments.[3] As of early 2015, the navy operates a wide variety of ships and 51 maritime aircraft.

History

Ottoman fleet after Mudros

See also: Ottoman Navy

Following the demise of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, on November 3, 1918, the fleet commander of the Ottoman Navy, Liva Amiral Arif Pasha, ordered all flags to be struck on all warships lying in the Golden Horn and the Ottoman Navy ceased to exist.[6] The major surface combatants of the former Ottoman fleet (totalling 62,000 tons) were rendered inactive by the Allies and in accordance with the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the warships were disarmed during the last week of 1918. The battleship Turgut Reis and the cruisers Hamidiye and Mecidiye were substantially limited and kept inactive inside the Golden Horn by the occupying forces.[7] Due to its larger size, the battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim was transferred to the Gulf of Izmit on the grounds that she could adversely affect the sea traffic inside the Golden Horn;[7] while her ammunition and guns were removed.[7] During this period, only a small number of Ottoman Navy vessels were allowed by the Allies to remain on active coast guard duties and were released from internment on 26 February 1919;[6] such as the torpedo boats Akhisar and Dıraç which patrolled the Sea of Marmara, the gunboat Hızır Reis which patrolled the Gulf of İzmir, and the minelayers Nusret and Tir-i Müjgan which conducted mine cleaning operations in the Gulf of Saros.[7]

Before the Turkish War of Independence began, the Bahriye Nazırlığı (Naval Ministry) sent the gunboat Preveze to Sinop and the gunboat Aydın Reis to Trabzon in February 1919 for surveillance, reconnaissance and patrol duties.[7] However, a lack of coal to fuel their propulsion systems caused the Preveze and Aydın Reis to remain in harbour until the end of 1919.[7] During the early stages of the Turkish War of Independence, these two gunboats did not return to Istanbul, despite heavy pressure from the Ottoman government and the Allies.[7] Instead, they were placed under the command of the Turkish liberation forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and headquartered in Ankara.[7]

Turkish War of Independence

Directorate of Naval Affairs

A large number of the naval officers and students of the Naval Academy went to Anatolia for participating in the Turkish War of Independence. On 10 July 1920, the Directorate of Naval Affairs (Umur-u Bahriye Müdürlüğü) was founded in Ankara under the Ministry of National Defense and was given the duty of organizing and maintaining strategic logistical shipping through the Black Sea in order to provide the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with weapons and other supplies.[7] All existing naval institutions in the parts of Anatolia that were administered by the Ankara government were assigned to this Directorate.[7] The Directorate of Naval Affairs was extremely successful in organizing local surface units and volunteers and in forming an intelligence network to discover the movements of the enemy ships.[7] As a result, logistic transportation was carried out effectively.[7] The Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara made an agreement with the Soviet Union to procure supplies for the Turkish liberation forces.[7] Aydın Reis left from Samsun (on 16 September 1920) and Preveze left from Trabzon (on 30 September 1920) for Novorossiysk in order to transport weapons, other supplies and financial aid to the Turkish liberation forces.[6][7] The Trabzon Shipping Detachment, which was founded on 21 September 1920, was renamed as the Trabzon Naval Shipping Command with the directive issued by the Ministry of National Defense on 26 October 1920.[7] On January 1, 1921, the Samsun Naval Command was formed.[8] In the subsequent stages of the Turkish War of Independence, due to the growing need for maritime shipping and the increase in the quantity and quality of the units and small ships, the organizational structure of the Directorate of Naval Affairs was gradually extended.[7]

In the same period, a number of Turkish civilian seamen formed a group under the name of the Naval Aid Organization (Muavenet-i Bahriye).[8] This group secretly obtained cannons, light weapons, ammunition, landmines and ordnance from the former Ottoman military warehouses in Istanbul that were under the control of the occupying Allies and sent them to the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with civil water transportation crafts.[8]

Presidency of the Naval Department

On 1 March 1921, the Directorate of Naval Affairs was transformed into the Presidency of the Naval Department (Bahriye Dairesi Reisliği) and had control over the Naval Commands in Samsun, Amasra and İzmit (formed on 28 June 1921); the Naval Transport Detachment in Trabzon; the Naval Transport Command in Ereğli; the Naval Detachment in Lake Eğirdir; and the Naval Liaison Group in Fethiye (formed on 16 March 1921.)[7] During the War of Independence, Turkish naval forces transported 220,000 tons of weapons, ammunition and equipment to the land forces in Anatolia.[8]

Ministry of the Navy

Following the Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922, the former Ottoman Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Nazırlığı) building in the Kasımpaşa quarter of Istanbul, on the Golden Horn, became the headquarters of the Istanbul Naval Command on 14 November 1922.[7] The establishment of the Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Vekâleti) of the Republic of Turkey, headquartered in Ankara, was decided by the Grand National Assembly on 29 December 1924, and Topçu İhsan Bey (İhsan Eryavuz) was appointed the first (and only) Naval Minister of Turkey.[9][10] When the Republic of Turkey was established on 29 October 1923, the former Ottoman vessels that remained under Turkish control were as follows:[11]

In active service: 2 cruisers (Hamidiye, Peyk-i Şevket), 2 yachts (Ertuğrul, Söğütlü), 1 destroyer (Taşoz), 4 gunboats (Burak Reis, Hızır Reis, Kemal Reis, İsa Reis), 1 minelayer (Nusret), 1 aviso (Galata), 4 tugs and 7 motorboats. Out of service (needing repair): 2 battleships (Yavuz Sultan Selim, Turgut Reis), 2 cruisers (Berk-i Satvet, Mecidiye), 4 destroyers (Muâvenet-i Millîye, Nümune-i Hamiyet, Basra, Samsun), 6 torpedo boats (Sultanhisar, Yunus, Akhisar, Dıraç, Musul, Berk Efşan), 1 gunboat (Sakız).

Preparations were made to carry out the maintenance and overhaul of small-tonnage warships (the three Taşoz-class destroyers and the gunboats Burak Reis, Sakız, İsa Reis and Kemal Reis) and to make them combat-ready.[7] Thus, the cruiser Hamidiye, which was planned to be employed as a Cadet Training Ship, was overhauled.[7]

During the 1920s, a commitment to refurbish the battlecruiser TCG Yavuz (which remained in active service until 1950) as the centerpiece of the republic's fleet was the only constant element of the various naval policies which were put forward.[12] The battlecruiser remained in İzmit until 1926, in a neglected state:[13][14][15] only two of her boilers worked, she could not steer or steam, and she still had two unrepaired scars from the mine damage in 1918. Enough money was raised to allow the purchase of a new 26,000-metric-ton (26,000-long-ton) floating dock from the German company Flender,[7] as Yavuz could not be towed anywhere without risk of her sinking in rough seas.[16] The French company Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet was contracted in December 1926 to oversee the subsequent refit, which was carried out by the Gölcük Naval Shipyard.[14] Since the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 required the disarmament of the Turkish Straits, the infrastructures belonging to the Turkish Naval Forces on the Bosphorus (in Istinye) and on the Golden Horn were transferred to Gölcük.[7] In this period, Gölcük was designated as the main Turkish naval base.[7]

The overhaul works of TCG Yavuz proceeded over three years (1927–1930); they were delayed when several compartments of the dock collapsed while being pumped out. Yavuz was slightly damaged before she could be refloated and the dock had to be repaired before the overhaul works could be resumed. The Minister of the Navy, İhsan Eryavuz, was convicted of embezzlement in the resulting investigation which became known as the Yavuz-Havuz case (havuz meaning "dock" in Turkish naval engineering terminology.)[16] The investigation revealed that Ihsan Eryavuz had reduced the insurance obligation of the French company (Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet) from 5 million to 1.5 million Turkish liras, and was convicted guilty of fraud,[17] which resulted in the abolition of the Ministry of the Navy on 27 December 1927.[8][18]

Undersecretariat of the Sea

Turkish battlecruiser TCG Yavuz in the new floating drydock of Gölcük Naval Shipyard, Sea of Marmara, c. 1928.

Following the dissolution of the Ministry of the Navy, the naval forces were reorganized under the Ministry of National Defense[10] and on 16 January 1928[18] the Undersecretariat of the Sea (Deniz Müsteşarlığı) was established in order to undertake the duties of the former Ministry of the Navy.[8] With this new reorganization, the Turkish Fleet Command was put under the command of the Turkish General Staff in terms of administration and logistics.[7] On 2 November 1930, the Naval War College (Deniz Harp Akademisi) commenced training and education of Staff Officers at its facilities in the Yıldız Palace.[7] During World War II, the naval schools were temporarily relocated from Istanbul to Mersin for security reasons and conducted education and training activities in this city.[7]

In 1933, with the approval of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Gölcük was designated as the main base of the Turkish Navy.[7] In the same year, the first new ship built at the Gölcük Naval Shipyard, the tanker TCG Gölcük, was laid down; and launched the following year.[7] With the signing of the Montreaux Convention in 1936, Turkey’s sovereignty over the Turkish Straits was internationally recognized, and Fortified Area Commands were founded on the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, with Naval Detachments assigned to these Commands.[7]

Naval Forces Command

The Turkish Naval Forces were represented under the title of the Naval Undersecreteriat at the Turkish General Staff Headquarters in Ankara from 1928 to 1949.[7] The historic decree of the Higher Military Council on 15 August 1949 led to the foundation of the Turkish Naval Forces Command (Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı.)[7] After Turkey joined NATO on 18 February 1952, the Turkish Naval Forces were integrated into the organizational branches of the alliance.[7]

Structure

Turkish frigate F-495 TCG Gediz (center) escorting the U.S. aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (left) and the Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi (right) during the NATO exercise Majestic Eagle 2004 in the Atlantic Ocean.
Turkish frigate F-245 TCG Oruç Reis departing from Portsmouth Naval Base in the United Kingdom, on September 21, 2009. Off the bows in the distance is Fort Gilkicker, and beyond (to the left) the Isle of Wight.

In 1961, the Turkish Naval Forces Command was organized into four main subordinate commands: The Turkish Fleet Command, the Turkish Northern Sea Area Command, the Turkish Southern Sea Area Command and the Turkish Naval Training Command.[7] In 1995, the Turkish Naval Training Command was renamed as the Turkish Naval Training and Education Command.[7]

Marines and Special Forces

Underwater Offence Group Command (S.A.T.) operatives during fast-attack training.

The Turkish Navy maintains several marine and special operations units. These include an amphibious marine brigade, several commando detachments and two special operations forces:

Equipment

Ships and submarines

As of 2015, the navy operates a wide variety of ships, including; 16 frigates, 8 corvettes, 13 submarines, 23 missile boats, 28 patrol boats, 32 mine countermeasures vessels, 29 landing ships, and various auxiliary ships. In 2002, the total displacement of the Turkish Navy was approximately 259,000 tonnes.[19]

Aircraft

The Turkish Navy operates a total of 51 aircraft, including 14 fixed-wing aircraft and 37 helicopters.

A Sikorsky S-70B-28 Seahawk of the Turkish Naval Forces.
An Agusta-Bell AB-212 ASW of the Turkish Naval Forces.
Aircraft Origin Type Versions Quantity[4] Notes
Fixed-wing aircraft
ATR 72 MPA  Italy Maritime Patrol (ASW/ASuW)
Transport Aircraft		 72-600 TMPA
72-600 TMUA		 –
2[20][21] 		8 being upgraded by Turkish Aerospace Industries[22][23][24]
CASA CN-235  Spain Maritime Patrol (ASW/ASuW)
Transport Aircraft
4[21]
1[21]		 Electronic systems upgraded by Thales[25][26]
SOCATA TB family  France Trainer Aircraft TB-20 7[21]
Helicopters
Sikorsky S-70B-28 Seahawk  United States Maritime Helicopter (ASW/ASuW) S-70B-28 25[21] 6 more on order[21]
Agusta-Bell AB-212 ASW  Italy Maritime Helicopter (ASW) 12[21]

Insignia

NATO CodeOF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D)Student Officer
 Turkey
(Edit)		 No
Insignia
Büyükamiral Oramiral Koramiral Tümamiral Tuğamiral Albay Yarbay Binbaşı Yüzbaşı Üsteğmen Teğmen Asteğmen Bahriyeli
NATO CodeOR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Turkey Turkey
(Edit)		 No Insignia
Astsubay Kıdemli
Başçavuş		 Astsubay
Başçavuş		 Astsubay Kıdemli
Üstçavuş		 Astsubay
Üstçavuş		 Astsubay Kıdemli
Çavuş		 Astsubay
Çavuş		 Uzman
Çavuş		 Çavuş Uzman
Onbaşı		 Onbaşı Er

Future of the Turkish Navy

F-511 TCG Heybeliada is the lead ship of the MILGEM project next generation corvettes and frigates of the Turkish Naval Forces.
The SEDEF–Navantia consortium won the tender for the LPD/LHD project and will build the Turkish variant of the Juan Carlos I (L61) class BPE for the Turkish Naval Forces.[27][28][29][30][31]

The Turkish Navy is currently undergoing several modernisation programmes to replace its ageing equipment. As of 2013, the major modernisation projects are as follows:

See also

References and notes

  1. 1 2 3 History of Turkish Naval Forces (Official Turkish Naval Forces website)
  2. ↑ 1949 Temmuzunda Türk Silâhlı Kuvvetleri yeniden örgütlendirilerek, Genelkurmay Başkanlığına bağlı Kara, Deniz, Hava Kuvvetleri kuruldu., Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, Türk Tarihi, Silahlı Kuvvetleri ve Atatürkçülük, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, 1973, p. 65. (Turkish)
  3. 1 2 Library of Congress - Federal Research Division (August 2008), Country Profile: Turkey (PDF), pp. 25–26
  4. 1 2 "World Air Forces 2013". Flightglobal.com
  5. ↑ "Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin Barışı Destekleme Harekâtlarına Katkıları". tsk.tr. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 Bernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz, The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828-1923, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1995, ISBN 1-55750-659-0, p. 57.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 "Hata Sayfası". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cevat Ülkekul, "Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Türk Denizcileri ve Cumhuriyet Bahriyesinin Kuruluşu" ("Turkish Seamen during the War of Independence and Establishment of the Republican Navy"), Uluslararası Piri Reis Sempozyumu, 27-29 Eylül 2004 (Bildiri), Office of Navigation of Hydrography and Oceanography. (Turkish)
  9. ↑ Ümit Özdağ, Atatürk ve İnönü dönemlerinde Ordu-Siyaset İlişkisi, Bilgeoğuz, 2006, p. 97. (Turkish)
  10. 1 2 Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi, Vol 12, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İslâm Ansiklopedisi Genel Müdürlüğü, 1988, (Turkish)
  11. ↑ Bernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz, The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828-1923, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1995, ISBN 1-55750-659-0, p. 59.
  12. ↑ Güvenç and Barlas, p. 7
  13. ↑ Gardiner and Gray, p. 391
  14. 1 2 Whitley, p. 241
  15. ↑ Worth, p. 271
  16. 1 2 Brice, p. 277
  17. ↑ "The Yavuz-Havuz Case (Turkish)". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  18. 1 2 Genel Tarihçe, Turkish Navy official site.
  19. ↑ "(no title)". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  20. ↑ Reed Business Information Limited. "Turkish navy receives first utility-roled ATR 72-600". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "World Air Forces 2013" (PDF). Flight Global. Flight Global.
  22. ↑ Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. "MELTEM III (ATR-72)". Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  23. ↑ "Alenia Aermacchi Delivers First ATR72-600 TMUA to Turkish Navy". July 24, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Raytheon to provide torpedo integration for Turkish Navy ATR-72-600ASW maritime patrol aircraft". July 17, 2014.
  25. ↑ Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. "MELTEM II (CN-235)". Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  26. ↑ "Thales finalises delivery of MELTEM II CASA CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft to Turkey". April 28, 2014.
  27. ↑ Navantia: "Navantia and local partner selected by Turkey for construction of one LPD based on the Juan Carlos I", 27 December 2013.
  28. ↑ Navy Recognition: "Turkey selects Navantia's Juan Carlos LHD design as winner of its LPD tender", 28 December 2013.
  29. ↑ World Maritime News: "Navantia and SEDEF Join Forces to Construct LHD and LCMs for Turkish Navy", 7 January 2014.
  30. ↑ World Maritime News: Concept design of the Turkish variant of Juan Carlos I (L-61) class BPE
  31. ↑ "Turkey's Future LHD Could Be Modified as an "Aircraft Carrier" to Deploy F-35B Jets". January 2, 2015.
  32. 1 2 "Turkish Naval Forces". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  33. ↑ "Turkish Naval Forces: Frigate Projects". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  34. ↑ "Anti-air Warfare Ship (TF 2000) Project". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  35. ↑ "New Type Submarine Procurement Project". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  36. ↑ "UPDATE 3-Turkey in $4 bln submarines deal with HDW". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  37. 1 2 "Amphibious Ship". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  38. ↑ "Turkish Shipyard ADIK showcasing its Landing Ship Tank (LST) project at IDEF 2013". May 8, 2013.
  39. 1 2 3 "Turkish Naval Forces". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  40. ↑ "Submarine Rescue Mother Ship (MOSHIP) Project". Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  41. ↑ "Rescue and Towing Ship (R&T Ship) Project". Retrieved 27 October 2015.

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