Turco-Russian confrontation

Turkish Air Force (F-16C Falcon)

Turkish Air Force F-16C flies an aerial superiority mission during Operation Allied Force on April 4th, 1999.

Date	6/22/2012- ongoing
Location	Syria–Turkey border
Status	ongoing

Belligerents

Turkey

Russia

Syria

Commanders and leaders

Casualties and losses

Aircraft lost

RF-4E^[1]

Aircraft lost

Syrian Mi-17 ^[2]
Syrian MiG-23 ^[3]
Russian Su-24 ^[4]
Russian Mi-26 ^[5]
Unknown origin Orlan-10 ^[6]

The Turco-Russian confrontation refers to an ongoing and recently intensified conflict between Turkey and initially, the Syrian regime which turned into a military crisis between Turkey and Russia after the November 2015 shoot-down of a Russian Air Force Su-24 by the Turkish Air Force after an alleged airspace violation. Increased Russian military aggression and hostile Turkish territorial responses have all contributed to increasing escalation. Aerial confrontations between two nations have grown more common. Turkey accuses Russian Forces of violating Turkish sovereign airspace and war crimes against Syrian Turkmens.^[7] The Russian military has accused Turkey of illegal economic ties with ISIS and planning an Military intervention in Syria.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Timeline

On 22 June 2012 Syrian Arab Army S-300 Russian made air defenses shot down an Turkish Air Force RF-4E reconnaissance fighter 15 miles off of the coast of Latakia over the Mediterranean Sea within international airspace several dozen minutes after it had briefly veered into Syrian air space prompting the Turkish Armed Forces to change its Rules of engagement formally declaring hostility towards any aircraft approaching the Turkish-Syrian border. This led to a great deal of future shoot-downs conducted by the Turkish Air Force. Both pilots were killed and an autopsy revealed the pilots survived the initial crash once the wreckage was located and the bodies were recovered. Alleged secret documents were leaked by the Syrian opposition to Al Arabiya, claiming that the two pilots had survived the shoot down, which was done in coordination with the Russian naval facility in Tartus, and were captured but later executed naturally with their bodies being returned to the crash site by Russian Special Operations teams.^[12]^[13]
On 11 October 2012 acting upon intelligence received from the National Intelligence Organization, Turkish Air Force F-4 Terminator 2020's and F-16's intercepted an Syrian air lines airbus A320 flying from Moscow to Damascus over the Black Sea and forced it to land at Ankara Esenboğa Airport in Turkey. Upon an inspection by Gendarmerie troops the aircraft was found to be carrying munitions and weaponry to Syria using Turkish Airspace to transport items to the Syrian regime by way of civilian air travel. Russia claimed that items found were radio, radar and other technical equipment instead of military munitions. Russia further accused Turkey of endangering Russian lives while the Turkish ministry underlined that it had previously warned the international community of the alleged warcrimes conducted and overseen by Russia.^[14]^[15]
On 16 September 2013 Turkish Air Force F-16's shot down an Mi-17 helicopter belonging to the Syrian Army after it allegedly violated Turkish airspace up to 2 kilometers.^[16]^[17]
On 23 March 2014 Turkish Air Force F-16's shot down an MiG-23 belonging to the Syrian Air Force ^[18]
On 3 October 2015 a Russian Air Force Su-30 crossed into Turkish Airspace over the Hatay Province and was intercepted by Turkish two F-16's that were patrolling the border in the vicinity. Russia claims the incident was a navigational error caused by bad weather and claimed lasted "a few seconds" while Turkish Military radar tracked the aircraft over several minutes and that the intruding aircraft put Turkish jets under missile lock for 5 minutes and 40 seconds prompting the Turkish fighters to respond in kind.^[19]^[20]
On 4 October 2015 a Russian Air Force Su-24 crossed into Turkish Airspace over the Hatay Province hours after the first incident. Russia rejects this incident and says it would "look into it". A statement released from the NATO says these actions seem to be deliberate.
On 4 October 2015 a MiG-29 either Syrian or Russian, was prevented from crossing into Turkish Airspace by at-least 8 Turkish F-16's on Combat air patrol duty. This sparked the unidentified aircraft to put one of the F-16's on missile lock while Syrian Air Defense SAM site installations on the ground put the rest of the Turkish combat jets on lock. The total incident lasted 4 minutes and 30 seconds.
On 10 October 2015, three Turkish F-16's flying patrol missions near the Syrian border were put under missile lock by an unidentified MiG-29 resulting in a similar response to the hostile aircraft. Some sources suggest the aircraft was shot down, neither reports are confirmed nor denied while details of the incident remain unclear.^[21]
On 16 October 2015, Turkish Air Force fighter jets on guard shot down an Russian drone.^[22]
On 5 November 2015 the United States Air Force announced a short-term deployment of F-15C and F-15E for guarding and protection of Turkish airspace due to a hike in Russian military activity at the request of Turkey as a NATO member. The deployment was mainly a deterrent and did not have an actual combat role.^[23]^[24]
On 24 November 2015 Turkish Air Force F-16D's shot down an Russian Air Force Su-24 fighter-bomber after it allegedly violated Turkish Airspace over Hatay Province. The shoot down caused a crisis between the two nations.^[25]^[26]
On 25 November following the Su-24 shootdown Russian defense ministry officials announced the immediate deployment of S-300 and S-400 Surface-to-air missile systems to the Khmeimim airbase near Latakia in Syria. The deployment made capable of hitting aerial targets within Turkish airspace. The deployment also briefly grounded Coalition Forces flying anti- ISIS missions.^[27]^[28]
On 28 November following the deployment of Russian missile batteries, the Turkish Armed Forces announced it had deployed highly advanced KORAL Stand Off Jammers under presidential orders to the Syrian border. The Russian defense ministry analysts announced they were aware of the deployment and informed that the jammers have reduced the range of there missile systems by 20% which rendered the missiles incapable of hitting targets inside of Turkey. Russian defense ministry officials also explained the new deployment interfered with radar, data-links and limited navigational functions amongst Russian aircraft.^[29]^[30]
On 6 December while a Russian navy warship was passing through the Bosphorus which bisects Istanbul a serviceman was seen brandishing an shoulder carried rocket launcher allegedly at the city center. Turkey has summoned the Russian attache over the incident in strong protest and threatened to close down the strait to all Russian traffic, military and civil which would cripple Russian military logistical supplies to Syria and heavily impact the Russian economy.^[31]
On 8 December the Turkish Coast Guard under orders from the Turkish Naval Forces pulled over and boarded several Russian Navy warships in the Bosphorus. Upon inspections of an unspecified amount of ships several millions of dollars in tickets were written.^[32]
On 13 December a Russian warship in the Aegean Sea fired upon a Turkish fishing boat to allegedly avoid a collision. Russia summoned the Turkish military attache and warned Turkey would be responsible of any incident. The Turkish fishing boat allegedly came within 600 meters of the Russian ship.^[33]
On 16 December the United States Air Force announced the withdrawal of F-15C and F-15E aerial superiority fighters from Incirlik Air Base in Adana near the Syrian border stating they were there to guard and provide short term protection of Turkish airspace but were not cleared to engage any threats unlike the Turkish Air Force which have a less tolerant Rules of engagement.^[34]^[35]
On 18 December the Turkish Naval Forces denied 27 Russian ships access to pass through the Bosphorus strait blocking the passage of several commercial, cargo and military ships.^[36]
On 31 January 2016 a Russian Air Force Su-34 allegedly violated Turkish airspace according to the Turkish Armed Forces. The incident was confirmed by NATO and the Pentagon. Turkey claims warnings were issued in English and Russian not to enter airspace prior to the alleged violation. Turkey summoned the Russian envoy in harsh protest of the alleged violation and stated Russia would be responsible for any further unwanted incidents.^[37]^[38]
On 5 February Russia announced it would be deploying Su-35 frontline fighters to be on guard 24/7 at the Khmeimim airbase as-well as escort Russian military aviation.^[39]^[40]

References

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