Tunja

Tunja
Municipality of Colombia
Top left:Night view of Tunja Bolivar Square, Top right:House of Tunja Gonzalo Suarez Rendon, Middle left:Statue of Don Johan do Castellanos in Mayor Square, Middle upper left:Night view of Tunja Metropolitan Cathedral, middle lower right:The Boyaca Bridge in Boyaca Field, Bottom:Panorama view of Tunja, from north of hill
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Tunja in the department of Boyacá
Tunja Location in Colombia
Coordinates: 5°32′N 73°22′W / 5.533°N 73.367°W / 5.533; -73.367Coordinates: 5°32′N 73°22′W / 5.533°N 73.367°W / 5.533; -73.367
Country	Colombia
Department	Boyacá
Province	Central Boyacá Province
Founded	August 6, 1539
Established	March 29, 1541
Government
• Type	Municipality
• Mayor	Fernando Flórez
Area
• Municipality of Colombia	121.4 km2 (46.9 sq mi)
• Urban	13 km2 (5 sq mi)
Elevation	2,820 m (9,250 ft)
Population (2011)
• Municipality of Colombia	171,082
• Density	1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
	181.407 habitantes.[1]
Demonym(s)	Tunjano
Postal code	150001-150009
Area code(s)	57 + 8
Website	Official website (Spanish)
IGAC - DANE - DIAN.

Tunja (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtuŋxa]) is a city located on the eastern range of the Colombian Andes, in the region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, 130 km northeast of Bogotá. In 2012, it had an estimated population of 181,407 inhabitants.^[1] It is the capital of Boyacá department and the Central Boyacá Province. Tunja is an important educational centre of known universities. It was founded by the Spanish in 1539.

Tunja is a tourist destination. In addition to its religious and historical sites it is host to several internationally known festivals and is a jumping-off point for regional tourist destinations such as Villa de Leyva, Paipa, and Sierra Nevada del Cocuy. It is also a stop on the Pan American Highway which connects Tunja to Bogota and Santa Marta and eventually to the Northern and Southernmost parts of the Americas.

History

Pre-Columbian Era

The earliest evidence of human population on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense has been dated to approximately 12.000 years ago. Homus Tequendama inhabited the area by 6,375 b.c, human skeletons, including arm bones have been found. Many archaeological discoveries were found in the city area, which seem to belong to 150 b.c.

During the First Millennium a.d., the territory was discovered by the Muiscas, descendants from the Chibcha family, who have emigrated from Central America through Panama to the Andean Region.^[2]

First Muisca Era

An era when frequent battles among Cacicazgos took place, peace was proposed for the region and an agreement was made among Caciques to choose a supreme chief to rule them all. Hunzahua, who came from Ramiriqui was elected, and his confederation was named Hunza. Hunzahua took the title of Zaque ("great lord", the same meaning from Zipa who ruled Bacatá), and reign over the lands from the Chicamocha to Fusagasuga and from the Llanos de San Juan to Panche People and Muzo People frontiers , including Vélez territory. This unity helped to unify muisca language and religion, until Zipa Saguamanchica broke this unity due to differences with the Cacique of Guatavita.^[3]

Last Muisca era (1490–1539)

Quemuenchatocha

Nemequene

Saguamanchica, with fifty thousand soldiers, decided on a massive attack on Zaque Michua,^[4] crossing Guatavita and Choconta. Michua dealt with him, supported by an army which doubled Saguanmachica, battling around three hours and killing both chiefs. A new Zaque, Quemuenchatocha, was elected, during the tense truce between Bacatá and Hunza.

In 1514, Quemuenchatocha found out about the expansionist intentions of the new Zipa Nemequeme, and asked caciques of Gámeza, Iraca, Tundama and Sáchica to help him to reinforce his army. A battle was fought in Ventaquemada, and when Nemequene was about to become the victor, he was fatally wounded and his troops retired. Iraca retired his support and Quemuenchatocha got a truce which terms were about to end when the Spaniards arrived. When Quemuenchatocha found about the Europeans were around his lands, he decided to stay in Hunza and to avoid any aggression against the invaders. He forbade under strict penalties to show the invaders the path to his headquarters and when he knew they were reaching him, he sent them gifts and peacemakers, looking to stop them while he was hiding his treasures.

Hispanic Era (1539-1811)

The tomb of Gonzalo Suárez Rendón

Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada parted from Santa Marta in April 1536, on an expedition to the south. His main concern was to find and get El Dorado. After months of travelling, he finds many Muisca cacicazgos in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. In his search, he gets information about emerald discoveries and other treasures in Somondoco and the Llanos. Finally, on August 20, 1537, the conquerors arrived, with horses and dogs; Jimenez de Quesada arrived at Quemuenchatocha headquarters, finding him in a chair, dressed in gold in the same way of his companions, who ran off, leaving him alone. The gold, the emeralds and the fancy fabrics were taken. This conquest act took place where later San Agustin Cloister was built. Quemuenchatocha was taken to Suesca, with the hope he would reveal where he hid the rest of his treasure. He abdicate in favour of his niece Aquiminzaque and retired to Ramiriqui, where he died.^[5]

San Agustin Cloister

Demographics and Geography

Tunja has a population of approximately 180,000 inhabitants and is located in north central Colombia. It has an elevation of 2.820 metres above sea level.

Climate

Tunja's climate is influenced by its location and altitude. At almost 3000m in elevation it is one of the highest cities in not only Colombia, but on Earth. As a result the city features a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cfb) with little variation in temperature throughout the year but a distinct dry season from December to February.

Security and living conditions

Tunja has the lowest homicide rate in Colombia and is below average in Latin America according to the latest report from the International Centre of the Prevention of Crime for 2010,^[7][8] which is 7 with respect to the most dangerous city that is 128 crimes per hundred thousand inhabitants. According to other sources, this value is four times lower than the national average.^[9] Tunja is an example of a safe city.^[10]

Tourism

Emerald Quarter

Relevant historical and touristic sites

The street are called in accord to 472^[11] and google^[12] nomenclatures; (C:Calle), (K:Carrera), (S:South), (E: East), (A: Ave).

Southern Sector

Eastern Sector

Downtown

Northern Sector

Festivals

• International Festival of Culture ^[14]
• Holy Week (Semana Santa) ^[15]
• Aguinaldo Boyacense ^[16]

Bolivar Square, Downtown.

Shopping

Downtown

People have been shopping in downtown Tunja for over 450 years. The most important interesting places are:

• El Cid
• El Virrey
• Teatro Boyacá
• Cinema Boyacá

Train station, the historic center DHC Tunja

Shopping Malls

Unicentro is an American style shopping center that features a Jumbo and a Cinemark Theatres.

Traditional Markets

Plaza de Mercado del Norte Plaza de Mercado del Sur

Notable people

• Nairo Quintana
• Winner Anacona
• Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
• Juan Carlos Pinzón
• Rafael Humberto Moreno Durán
• Guillermo Prieto La Rotta

Education

Tunja is also notable for its great contribution to education in Colombia, despite being considered a small town, a large part of its population are students between high school and university. Tunja has a large number of colleges, among these is the College of Boyaca, first public school in the territories of Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama and Colombia when these countries were part of Gran Colombia. It was founded on 20 October 1822 by the Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander. Among the most relevant schools are:

Boyaca Bridge in Tunja, the site where Colombian independence was won

• Colegio de Boyacá
• Institucion Educativa San Jeronimo Emiliani
• Colegio Salesiano Maldonado
• Colegio INEM Carlos Arturo Torres
• Colegio de la Presentación
• Gimnasio Campestre del Norte.
• Colegio Municipal Silvino Rodríguez
• Normal Superior Santiago de Tunja.
• Escuela Normal Femenina "Leonor Álvarez Pinzón"
• Colegio Los Angeles
• Colegio Militar Juan José Rondón
• Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario
• Colegio Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.
• Colegio Andino
• Colegio American School Saint Frances.
• Country Bilingual School

Universities

Tunja's major university, The Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia, was founded by General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, and is one of the public universities in Colombia. Other universities are:

• Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia
• University of Boyaca
• Universidad Santo Tomás
• Escuela Superior de Administración Pública E.S.A.P.
• Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD)
• Fundacion Universitaria Juan de Castellanos
• Corporación Universitaria Remington(CUR-Cread Boyacá)
• Universidad Antonio Nariño
• Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana de Colombia
• Instituto Universitario de la Música y las Artes

Sports

The city has two professional football teams. Boyaca Chico and Patriotas F.C. play in the Colombian Professional Football A league. Both play their games at La Independencia Stadium located in the north of the city. The stadium was rebuilt for the Copa Libertadores 2009, expanding capacity to 20,630 spectators and meeting FIFA specifications. The city organized the 2008 South American U-20 Futsal Cup, in which Brazil was awarded as the championship. Colombia secured the fourth position in the tournament. Now, the stadium is in the process of being remodeled. The city has a professional basketball team called Patriotas that plays in the Saludcoop Invitational Cup. This team plays its matches in the Municipality Colosseum that has a capacity to 5,000 spectators.

Sister cities

Northern zone, Tunja

•  Colombia: Pamplona^[17] (2012)
•  Spain: Toledo^[17] (2013)
•  Colombia: Popayán^[17] (2012)
•  Spain: Málaga^[17] (2013)
•  Italy: Potenza^[18] (2009)

References

External links

• Tunja entry in Wikipedia Español
• Tunja Distrito Cultural y Turístico www.expotunja.com
• of Tunja Municipal Government
• News from Tunja at El Diario de Tunja
• News from Tunja at Excelsio
• News from Tunja at Mi Tunja.net

Provinces and Municipalities in Boyacá Department Central Boyacá Province Cómbita Cucaita Chiquiza Chivatá Motavita Oicatá Siachoque Samacá Sora Soracá Sotaquira Toca Tunja Tuta Ventaquemada Northern Boyacá Province Boavita Covarachía La Uvita San Mateo Sativanorte Sativasur Soatá Susacón Tipacoque Western Boyacá Province Briceño Buenavista Caldas Chiquinquirá Coper La Victoria Maripí Muzo Otanche Pauna Quípama Saboyá San Miguel de Sema San Pablo de Borbur Tununguá Eastern Boyacá Province Almeida Chivor Guateque Guayatá La Capilla Somondoco Sutatenza Tenza Gutiérrez Province Chiscas El Cocuy El Espino Guacamayas Güicán Panqueba La Libertad Province Labranzagrande Pajarito Paya Pisba Lengupá Province Berbeo Campohermoso Miraflores Páez San Eduardo Zetaquirá Márquez Province Boyacá Ciénaga Jenesano Nuevo Colón Ramiriquí Rondón Tibaná Turmequé Úmbita Viracachá Neira Province Chinavita Garagoa Macanal Pachavita San Luis de Gaceno Santa María Ricaurte Province Arcabuco Chitaraque Gachantivá Moniquirá Ráquira Sáchica San José de Pare Santa Sofía Santana Sutamarchán Tinjacá Togüí Villa de Leyva Sugamuxi Province Aquitania Cuitiva Firavitoba Gámeza Iza Mongua Monguí Nobsa Pesca Sogamoso Tibasosa Tópaga Tota Tundama Province Belén Busbanzá Cerinza Corrales Duitama Floresta Paipa Santa Rosa de Viterbo Tutazá Valderrama Province Beteitiva Chita Jericó Paz de Río Socotá Socha Tasco Boyacá Frontier District Cubará Boyacá Special Handling Zone Puerto Boyacá See also: List of municipalities in Boyacá