Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011

Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011
Tunisia
23 October 2011 (2011-10-23)
All 217 seats to the Constituent Assembly
109 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout 51.97%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Rashid al-Ghannushi Moncef Marzouki Mohamed Hechmi Hamdi
Party Ennahda CPR Aridha
Seats won 89 29 26
Popular vote 1,501,320 353,041 273,362
Percentage 37.04% 8.71% 6.74%
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Leader Mustapha Ben Jafar Maya Jribi[1]
Party Ettakatol PDP
Seats won 20 16
Popular vote 284,989 159,826
Percentage 7.03% 3.94%
Prime Minister before election

Béji Caïd Essebsi
Independent

 Elected Prime Minister

Hamadi Jebali
Ennahda

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An election for a constituent assembly was held in Tunisia on 23 October 2011,[2] following the Tunisian revolution and announced on 3 March 2011.[3] The new Assembly has 217 members.[4] It was the first free election held in Tunisia since the country's independence in 1956, as well as the first election in the Arab world held after the start of the Arab Spring.[5]

The newly elected Constituent Assembly also has the power to either appoint a new government or extend the current one's term until the general election originally scheduled for July, which will now be held later.[6]

The result was announced after counting began on 25 October 2011.[7] Ennahda won a plurality in the election.

Background

Main article: Tunisian revolution

Senior party members of the disbanded former ruling party, the Constitutional Democratic Rally, were banned from standing in the election if they were in politics within the last ten years. Originally, the ban would have applied to all former senior party members (spanning 23 years instead of 10), but this was revised after protests by former RCD members.[8]

The election campaign officially started on 1 October 2011.[9]

Electoral system

The voting system allocates seats through proportional representation within various multi-member districts on closed lists based on thresholds set as the quotient of votes cast divided by seats contested. All party lists were required to alternate between male and female candidates.[10]

Domestic districts

Each governorate of Tunisia has a designated number of seats based on population (Tunis, Sfax, and Nabeul, the three largest governorates by population, are split into two electoral districts each). Districts within Tunisia range in size from four to ten seats. Each delegate represents approximately 60,000 inhabitants, in a country of 10.5 million.[11]

International districts

Eighteen of the 217 constituent assembly members represent Tunisians abroad. Almost a million Tunisians live abroad, with up to 500,000 Tunisians in France.[12]

Polling for expatriate Tunisians took place in 80 countries around the world. France, Tunisia's former colonial ruler, elected ten representatives; Italy three; Germany one; North America and the rest of Europe two; and other Arab states two.[13]

Around 60,000 Tunisians living in Germany were eligible to vote.[12] In Canada, where around 16,000 Tunisians live, voting took place at the Tunisian embassy in Ottawa and the consulate in Montreal.[13] In the United States, where an estimated 14,500 Tunisian citizens live, polling took place in Washington, D.C., New York City, Miami, Houston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.[14] In the United Kingdom, there were 4,700 potential voters and voting took place in Birmingham, Edinburgh, London and Manchester.[13]

Parties

Press conference of the High and Independent Instance for the Elections in Tunisia, with Kamel Jendoubi (center)

Issues

Secularism vs Islamism

The primary topic of discussion during the campaign has been the role of secularism and Islam in public life. Since the fall of the Ben Ali government, the ban on Hijab in public institutions has been lifted. Many of the secularist parties have formed after Ben Ali's party was dissolved. The repression of Islamists goes back to the days of Habib Bourguiba.[19]

Though Ennahda seeks to establish an Islamic democracy guaranteeing civil freedoms and equality, some secularists claim that the party would endanger civil rights if it came to power. Secularists were also alarmed at violent protests by religious conservatives against the broadcast of the film Persepolis (which depicted God, something that is considered blasphemous in Islam) by Nessma TV. Ennahda condemned the violence, but maintained that the film had "touched everything that is sacred for Tunisians".[20]

Campaign finances

Another major issue is the role of campaign finances. The PDP alleges that Ennahda has run their campaign unfairly because they allege Ennahda has received money from Persian Gulf billionaires. However, Ennahda denies the claims and assert that they simply use their money efficiently and fund-raise more effectively due to greater support for the party. They point out that their moderate policies have alienated many people in the Gulf area, who believe in radical Salafist and Wahhabi ideas. Others allege that the pro-business PDP and smaller UPL (founded by a Libyan businessman born in Tunisia) have themselves received unfair funding, as they have the support of the rich native business community.[17]

Form of government

As the Constituent Assembly has to decide over a new constitution for Tunisia, the contenders have presented different proposals for the configuration of the new democratic system. The Ennahda Movement envisions a parliamentary model with a strong prime minister, inspired by the United Kingdom or Germany.[21] Conversely, at least the PDP[22] and the CPR[23] favour a French-style semi-presidential republic.

Observers

There were more than 10,000 domestic and 500 international observers for the election, some members of delegations from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union and the Carter Center.[24]

Polls

Opinion polls showed that a large part of the population had not chosen for whom to vote. Ennahda consistently reached first place, followed by the Progressive Democratic Party, the Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties and the Congress for the Republic. In general, parties founded before the revolution have scored better than post-revolutionary parties.[25]

In a poll partly sponsored by Al Jazeera, 47% of the respondents said they strongly identified with Islamism, 19% with Arab nationalism and 19% with liberalism. Only 6% felt strongly in favour of communism or socialism, respectively.[26] A poll released by Sigma on 10 September showed that 57% of respondents agreed with a referendum that could set a limit on the duration of the Assembly's mandate, while 18.6% were against; 24.3% did not know.[25]

Although polling results varied from source to source, it was generally believed Ennahda would do well.[27] Most previously undecided voters shifted towards the secular, center-left parties while Ennahda support remained steady. Since early September, polls showed a close race between Ennahda and a potential coalition of secular parties.

Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Afek Alwatan CPR Ennahda Ettajdid/ PDM Ettakatol Initiative MDS PCOT PDP UPL None
ANSAmed[28] Mar 5, 2011 1,021 – – – 29% 7.5% – – – – 12.3% – 61%
Al Jazeera[26] May 28 – Jun 2, 2011 1,244 – – – 21.0% – – – – 5.0% 8.0% – 54%
Emrhod[29] Jun 8, 2011 1,000 – – 7.3% 45.8% 11.1% – – – 12.5% 20.3% – 51%
Sigma[30] Jun 10, 2011 1,014 0.9% 3.1% 3.0% 16.9% 1.0% 3.5% 0.4% – 1.5% 9.5% – 59.7%
3C Études[31] Jul 7, 2011 ? – – – 14.3% – 1.6% – – 0.8% 4.7% – 67%
ISTIS[32] Aug 28, 2011 2,717 0.82% 1.62% 1.26% 22.82% 1.37% 5.93% 1.09% 3.14% 2.28% 8.66% 0.83% –
Sigma[25] Sep 10, 2011 2,513 0.7% 3.1% 4.5% 22.8% 1.3% 9.2% 3.1% – 0.8% 10.9% 1.7% 40%
HSS[33] Sep 22–24, 2011 1,035 3% 3% 8% 25% 2% 14% 3% – 3% 16% 3% 21%

Controversies

Date of election

On 8 May 2011, interim prime minister Béji Caïd Essebsi voiced concerns that the election might have to be delayed.[34] However, on 18 May 2011 the PM affirmed the election date would be adhered to.[35] On 22 May 2011, the head of the country's independent electoral body Kamel Jendoubi suggested a delay to 16 October 2011, but this was denied vehemently by the government; very few of the political parties running in the election were in favour of the postponement.[36] Jendoubi insisted on the delay, stating that he needed more time to prepare electoral lists and renew over 400,000 old identity cards, but the final decision would rest with the interim president.[37]

The delay proved to be a very controversial issue, with the Ennahda Movement withdrawing from the National Council for the Safeguard of the Revolution until the election date issue was resolved.[38]

The election, originally scheduled for 24 July 2011, were finally postponed to 23 October 2011 on 8 June 2011.[2][39] Despite concerns over the delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party.[40]

Tunisians in Canada

In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue "a matter of Canadian sovereignty".[41] In response to Canada's opposition, Tunisia threatened to reject Canadian observers to monitor the election,[42] but later reversed its decision and decided to accredit them.[43] On 18 October, an agreement was reached between the two countries to allow Tunisians to cast their vote in Ottawa, at the Tunisian embassy's consular and diplomatic premises, and in Montreal, at the consulate and at a Tunisian community center.[44]

Results

  Ennahda (89)
  CPR (29)
  Ettakatol (20)
  PDP (16)
  Initiative (5)
  PDM (5)
  Afek (4)
  PCOT (3)
  Other parties and independents (20)

There were a total of 11,686 candidates on 1,517 lists: 828 running with political parties, 655 running as independents, and 34 running with party coalitions. There are 33 constituencies, with one party list per group per constituency registered. Each governorate elected between four and ten representatives. The total number of parties contesting the election was about 100.[45]

Tunisian expatriates elected their representatives on 20–22 October 2011.[46]

After Kemal Jendoubi, the head of the Electoral Commission, announced the result,[47] Ennahda claimed victory in the polls[48] amidst expectations of getting about 40% of the vote, which would account for 24 of the 27 districts, according to Samir Dilou.[49] Fellow party member Lotfi Zitoun said that: "I think that al-Nahda will win between 50 and 55 per cent of the seats, with the Congress Party for the Republic [sic] (CPR) coming in second place."[48] Reuters quoted Ali Larayedh as saying that Ennahda would consider forming a coalition with both Ettakatol and CPR.[50] The CPR indicated it was also open to this possibility, but would only stay in a coalition with Ennahda as long as civil liberties were not under threat.[51]

 Summary of the 23 October 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election results
Parties Votes % Seats
Ennahda Movement 1,501,320 37.04 89
Congress for the Republic 353,041 8.71 29
Popular Petition 273,362 6.74 26
Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties 284,989 7.03 20
Progressive Democratic Party 159,826 3.94 16
The Initiative 129,120 3.19 5
Democratic Modernist Pole 113,005 2.79 5
Afek Tounes 76,488 1.89 4
Tunisian Workers' Communist Party 63,652 1.57 3
People's Movement 30,500 0.75 2
Movement of Socialist Democrats 22,830 0.56 2
Free Patriotic Union 51,665 1.26 1
Democratic Patriots' Movement 33,419 0.83 1
Maghrebin Liberal Party 19,201 0.47 1
Democratic Social Nation Party 15,534 0.38 1
New Destour Party 15,448 0.38 1
Progressive Struggle Party 9,978 0.25 1
Equity and Equality Party 7,621 0.19 1
Cultural Unionist Nation Party 5,581 0.14 1
Independent lists 62,293 1.54 8
Unrepresented lists 1,290,293 31.83 –
Valid votes 4,053,148 94.06 217
Blank or invalid votes 255,740 5.94
Total 4,308,888 100.00
Voter turnout 51.97
Electorate 8,289,924
Source: Tunisia-Live.net

Reactions

Ennahda's Rachid Ghannouchi said after the victory announcement that: "We salute Sidi Bouzid and its sons who launched the spark and we hope that God will have made Mohamed Bouazizi a martyr. We will continue this revolution to realize its aims of a Tunisia that is free, independent, developing and prosperous in which the rights of God, the Prophet, women, men, the religious and the non-religious are assured because Tunisia is for everyone."

Afek Tounes' had 17 high-level resignations after the election.

International

The former Iranian foreign minister and leader of the Islamic-nationalist opposition Freedom Movement of Iran Ebrahim Yazdi wrote to Nahda's al-Ghannushi saying: "In Muslim countries once a set of despots have been overthrown, another set of despots immediately take their place. This is what happened in Iran. Despite struggling for fundamental rights, freedom and self-determination, we Muslims from any nationality lack sufficient experience with democracy. We struggle and overthrow dictators but we don't remove tyranny as a mode of governance and a way of life."[52]

Controversies and violence

Aridha Chaabia had lists in six electoral districts (8 seats total) voided by the electoral commission on the grounds that it violated election rules by campaigning during Purdha[53] and because of evidence of foreign funding.[47] At the first announcement of the disqualification, Tunisian journalists in the electoral commission's media center burst into applause and sang the Tunisian national anthem, demonstrating a general suspicion of the Aridha Chaabia lists.[54] In reaction, the party's supporters set fire to the mayor's office and a court in Sidi Bouzid and more than 2,000 protesters congregated outside Ennahda's headquarters in the same town and pelted stones at security forces. Hachmi Hamdi then also said that he would withdraw all 19 seats won by the party.[53][55] In reaction to the violence a curfew was imposed from 19:00 on 18 October to 5:00 on 29 October and, though tensions remained, there were no violent incidents reported.[56] However, Aridha Chaabia's other list leaders refused to withdraw; consequently Hamdi reverted his decision and also called on the leaders of the nullified lists to appeal against the decision. The Administrative Court accepted, on Tuesday, the appeals filed by Aridha in the districts of Sidi Bouzid, Sfax-1, Jendouba, Kasserine and Tataouine.[57] Aridha Chaabia thus recovered 7 of its 8 invalidated seats, bringing its total to 26. Following this, however, twelve parliament members of Aridha Chaabia resigned from the party and declared themselves independent members.

There were also other minor violations of the electoral code in regards to publicity on the day of the election itself, but it was decided that those were not serious enough to warrant nullifies the seats gained.[47]

Analysis

Aridha Chaabia's surprise success[58] was linked to its populist rhetoric and its party leader Mohamed Hechmi Hamdi being the only prominent politician not from the coastal regions (he was born in Sidi Bouzid), the party opted for campaigning in rural regions of Tunisia (particularly the south), which are often ignored by mainstream politicians.[59]

Despite concern amongst the Western media about a possible hindrance to women's rights as a result of Ennahda's plurality,[60] Souad Abdel Rahim of Ennahda said: "The doors are open for women now. We can sense that there has already been an impact. Even in Saudi Arabia, women can now vote," adding that Islamist parties in the Arab world should have a "framework" for women's advancement.[61]

Government formation

Ennahda stated it would propose Hamadi Jebali, the party's secretary-general, as the new PM, but would not field a candidate for president and was open to supporting another party's candidate or the incumbent interim PM.[62] Later, Ennahda named Mustapha Ben Jafar (secretary-general of Ettakatol), Moncef Marzouki (leader of CPR) and Beji Caid Essebsi (the interim PM) as possible candidates for the interim presidential period. Ettatakol stated that it would not nominate Ben Jafar for the position of prime minister, but was still not sure whether to participate in a coalition government[63] with Ennahda and CPR.[64]

On 28 October, Ennahda said a new government could be formed within ten days. Hamadi Jbeli said that talks had already begun on forming a coalition government with the priority agenda being to revive the national economy after the revolution. Rachid Ghannouchi added that Ennahda would honour its undertaking to write a new constitution within a year: "This government will look to establish common grounds through providing a government plan proposal for a year."[65]

References

  1. ↑ "Tunisian Islamist party claims election victory, set to dominate writing of new constitution". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  2. 1 2 Amara, Tarek (8 June 2011). "Tunisia election delayed until October 23". Reuters. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  3. ↑ Tunisia to elect constituent assembly on 24 July, says president FOCUS Information Agency, 3 March 2011
  4. ↑ "Significant increase in people registering to vote in Tunisia". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  5. ↑ "Tunisians vote in first free election". Associated Press. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  6. ↑ "Tunisia president Fouad Mebazaa calls election". BBC News. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  7. ↑ Bradley, Allan (23 October 2011). "Tunisian Elections – Live Updates". Tunisia Live. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  8. ↑ "Tunisia Revises Voting Ban on Former Ruling Party". Voice of America. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  9. ↑ "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World - People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends". ABC News. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  10. ↑ Tucker, Joshua (20 October 2011). "Tunisia Pre-Election Report: Hope and Angst in Tunisia’s Elections". The Monkey Cage. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  11. ↑ Gamha, Eymen (8 August 2011). "FAQs on the Constituent Assembly Elections". Tunisia Live. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  12. 1 2 "Expat Tunisians cast votes". Gulf Daily News. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  13. 1 2 3 Davies, Lizzy (20 October 2011). "Tunisians abroad vote 'with hands trembling and tears flowing'". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  14. ↑ Kaufman, Stephen (21 October 2011). "Tunisia: Citizens in U.S. Vote in Their Country's Historic Elections". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  15. ↑ Lynch, Marc (29 June 2011). "Tunisia's New al-Nahda". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  16. ↑ "BBC News - Tunisia Islamists to form new government within a month". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  17. 1 2 Kirkpatrick, David D. (22 October 2011). "Financing Questions Shadow Tunisian Vote, First of Arab Spring". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  18. 1 2 Chrisafis, Angelique (19 October 2011), "Tunisian elections: the key parties", The Guardian (London), retrieved 24 October 2011
  19. ↑ Gana, Nouri (22 October 2011). "The battle for Tunisia's identity". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  20. ↑ Fleishman, Jeffrey; Sandels, Alexandra (22 October 2011). "Tunisia vote could shape religion in public life". Los Angeles Times.
  21. ↑ "Tunisia’s election: The Islamist conundrum". The Economist. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  22. ↑ "Progressive Democratic Party – Parti Democratique Progressiste – الحزب الدّيموقراطي التقدّمي". tunisia-live.net. 9 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  23. ↑ "Congress for the Republic – Congres Pour la Republique – المؤتمر من اجل الجمهورية". tunisia-live.net. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  24. ↑ "Tunisia Takes A Giant Step Forward | Editorial". Voanews.com. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  25. 1 2 3 "Sondage Sigma : Ennahdha, le PDP et Ettakatol en tête et 57% des Tunisiens sont pour un référendum". businessnews.com.tn (in French). 10 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  26. 1 2 "Tunisians undecided ahead of October vote". Al Jazeera English. 6 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  27. ↑ Hammond, Andrew; Amara, Tarek (22 October 2011). "Tunisian Islamists to do well in first "Arab Spring" vote". Reuters. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  28. ↑ "Tunisia: Political Parties, Unknown to 61% of Tunisians". Ansa Mediterranean. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  29. ↑ "85% of Tunisians are Willing to Cast their Votes". tunisia-live.net. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  30. ↑ "Sondage : les Tunisiens méfiants mais optimistes". tempsreel.nouvelobs.com (in French). 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  31. ↑ Islamisten führen in Umfragen derStandard.at, 7 July 2011
  32. ↑ "Sondage TAP : partis, gouvernement, média encore beaucoup d’incertitudes". ajidoo.com (in French). 3 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  33. ↑ Perception de la transition démocratique en Tunisie, September 2011, Hanns Seidel Foundation (www.hss.de). Retrieved on 22 October 2011.
  34. ↑ "Tunisia PM raises doubt over July elections". Google. AFP. 9 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  35. ↑ "Government to stick to July 24 election date: Tunisian PM". People's Daily Online. Xinhua News Agency. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  36. ↑ "Tunisian interim government maintains initial election date". People's Daily Online. Xinhua News Agency. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  37. ↑ "Tunisian electoral body upholds October 16 election date". People's Daily Online. Xinhua News Agency. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  38. ↑ Key Tunisian party pulls out of election talks Financial Times, 31 May 2011
  39. ↑ "Tunisia's interim government delays election". BBC News. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  40. ↑ "Majority of Tunisian political parties approve new election date". People's Daily Online. Xinhua News Agency. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  41. ↑ "Statement by Minister Baird on Tunisian Elections". Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  42. ↑ Clark, Campbell (6 October 2011). "Tunisia blocks Canadian election observers from monitoring voting". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  43. ↑ "Tunisia accredits Canadian election observers". Canada.com. Agence France-Presse. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  44. ↑ "Canada's Tunisians to vote in weekend elections". Ottawa Citizen. AFP. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  45. ↑ le Roux, Mariette (22 October 2011). "Tunisians gear up for historic vote". Google. AFP. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  46. ↑ "Campaigning begins in historic Tunisia poll". Google. AFP. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  47. 1 2 3 "Tunisia's elections: Sidi Bouzid speaks out - Opinion". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  48. 1 2 "Tunisia". Al Jazeera Blogs. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  49. ↑ "Tunisia's Islamist Al-Nahda party expects 40% of vote". Al-Ahram. Agence France-Presse. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  50. ↑ Ryan, Yasmine (25 October 2011). "Ennahdha claims victory in Tunisia poll". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  51. ↑ "CPR Hints at Coalition with Ennahda, Calls for Long Duration for Constituent Assembly". Tunisia Live. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  52. ↑ Nov 10, 2011 (2011-11-10). "Asia Times Online :: Arab Spring confounds Iran's opposition". Atimes.com. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  53. 1 2 Amara, Tarek (2011-10-24). "Fresh post-vote clashes in cradle of Tunisia's revolt". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  54. ↑ "Tunisian Elections - Live Updates - Results", Tunisia-Live, October 27, 2011
  55. ↑ "Ennahda wins Tunisia's elections - Africa". Al Jazeera English. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  56. ↑ "Tunisian town calm following curfew - Africa". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  57. ↑ Archived 13 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ "Surprise Tunisian poll success for London-based millionaire". Agence France-Presse. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  59. ↑ "Aridha Chaabia, "Popular Petition", Shocks Tunisian Politics (UPDATED)". Tunisia Live. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  60. ↑
  61. ↑ Mitchell, Jonathan (1 November 2011). "Tunisia's Islamist victory good for women, says female figurehead". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  62. ↑ "A Triumphant Ennahda: Jebali for Prime Minister, No Candidate for Presidency". Tunisia Live. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  63. ↑ "Who Will be Tunisia’s Next President?". Tunisia Live. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  64. ↑ "Ettakatol Reacts to Election Results: Possible Cooperation With Ennahda?". Tunisia Live. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  65. ↑ "Tunisian coalition government 'in 10 days' - Africa". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2012-10-04.

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