True frog

True frogs
Common frog, Rana temporaria
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Suborder: Neobatrachia
Superfamily: Ranoidea
Family: Ranidae
Rafinesque, 1814
Subfamilies

See text

Synonyms

Ceratobatrachidae
Dicroglossidae
Micrixalidae
Nyctibatrachidae
Ptychadenidae
Ranixalidae
(but see text)

The true frogs, family Ranidae, have the widest distribution of any frog family. They are abundant throughout most of the world, occurring on all continents except Antarctica. The true frogs are present in North America, northern South America, Europe, Asia, Madagascar, Africa, and from the East Indies to New Guinea; the species native to Australia—the Australian wood frog (Hylarana daemelii)—is restricted to the far north.

Typically, true frogs are smooth and moist-skinned, with large, powerful legs and extensively webbed feet. The true frogs vary greatly in size, ranging from small—such as the wood frog (Rana sylvatica)—to the largest frog in the world, the goliath frog (Conraua goliath).

Many of the true frogs are aquatic or live close to water. Most species lay their eggs in the water and go through a tadpole stage. However, as with most families of frogs, there is large variation of habitat within the family. Those of the genus Tomopterna are burrowing frogs native to Africa and exhibit most of the characteristics common to burrowing frogs around the world. There are also arboreal species of true frogs, and the family includes some of the very few amphibians that can live in brackish water.[1]

Systematics

The subdivisions of the Ranidae are still a matter of dispute, although many are coming to an agreement. Most authors believe the subfamily Petropedetinae is actually a distinct family called Petropedetidae.[2] The validity of the Cacosterninae is likewise disputed; they are usually merged in the Petropedetinae, but when the latter are considered a distinct family, the Cacosterninae are often awarded at least subfamily rank, too, and sometimes split off entirely. Still, general agreement exists today that the Mantellidae, which were formerly considered another ranid subfamily, form a distinct family. Also, a recent trend splits off the forked-tongued frogs as the distinct family Dicroglossidae again.

In addition, the delimitation and validity of several genera is in need of more research (though much progress has been made in the last years). Namely, how the huge genus Rana is best split up requires more study.[3] While the splitting-off of several genera—like Pelophylax—is rather uncontroversial, groups such as Babina or Nidirana represent far more disputed cases.[4]

While too little of the vast diversity of true frogs has been subject to recent studies to say something definite, as of mid-2008, studies are going on, and several lineages are recognizable.[5]

Incertae sedis

A number of taxa are placed in the Ranidae incertae sedis, that is, their taxonomic status is too uncertain to allow more specific placement. These include, among others, Rhacophorus depressus,[7] but this species has been given its own family.[8]

Subfamilies

The subfamilies included under Ranidae, now regularly treated as separate families, are:

Genera

Unidentified Nyctibatrachus from Phanasad Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra: a member of an ancient lineage of true frogs
Ishikawa's frog (Odorrana ishikawae), formerly placed in Rana which now contains a closely related branch
Bicolored frog (Clinotarsus curtipes), related to Meristogenys and Huia proper,
was also formerly in Rana, but is well distinct

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Gordon et al. (1961)
  2. ↑ Frost (2006)
  3. ↑ Hillis & Wilcox (2005), Pauly et al. (2009)
  4. ↑ Cai et al. (2007), Pauly et al. (2009)
  5. ↑ Cai et al. (2007), Kotaki et al. (2008), Stuart (2008)
  6. ↑ Amphibian Species of the World 5.5, an Online Reference. "Hylarana Tschudi, 1838". American Museum of Natural History.
  7. ↑ cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=names&taxon=Ranidae |title=Ranidae Rafinesque, 1814 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2013 |work=Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=22 November 2013
  8. ↑ Iskandar, D. & Mumpuni 2004. Rhacophorus depressus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 July 2007.

References

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External links

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