North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
In the Indian Ocean north of the equator, tropical cyclones can form throughout the year on either side of India. On the east side is the Bay of Bengal, and on the west side is the Arabian Sea.
Sub-basins
The Bay of Bengal, located in the northeast of the Indian Ocean, is responsible for the formation of some of the strongest and deadliest tropical cyclones]in the world. The basin is abbreviated BOB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the basin. The Bay of Bengal's coast is shared among India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and western part of Thailand. The strongest storm in the bay was the 1999 Odisha cyclone.
The Arabian Sea is a sea located in the northwest of the Indian Ocean. Tropical cyclones in the basin are abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) of the basin. The Arabian Sea's coast is shared among India, Yemen, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Somalia.[1] Monsoons are characteristic of the Arabian Sea and responsible for the yearly cycling of its waters. In summer, strong winds blow from the southwest to the northeast, bringing rain to the Indian subcontinent. During the winter, the winds are milder and blow in the opposite direction, from the northeast to the southwest.[1] Cyclones are rare in the Arabian Sea, but the basin can produce strong tropical cyclones. Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu was the strongest recorded tropical cyclone in the basin.[2][3] [4]
History of the basin
The systematic scientific studies of tropical systems in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, was started during the 19th century by Henry Piddington.[5] Piddington utilised meteorological logs of vessels that navigated the seas and published a series of memoirs, in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal” between 1839 and 1858.[5] He also puThese memiors gave accounts and tracks of individual storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[5]
During the 2004 post monsoon season the IMD started to name tropical cyclones, within the basin with the first one named Onil during September 2004.[6]
During 2015 a modification to the intensity scale took place, with the IMD and WMO calling a system with 3-minute maximum sustained wind speeds between 90 knots (165 km/h; 105 mph) and 120 knots (220 km/h; 140 mph): an extremely severe cyclonic storm.[7]
Water temperatures in the Arabian Sea are typically warm enough to allow for tropical cyclogenesis year round, although strong wind shear from the monsoon trough prevents formation in the summer months and limits intensity other times of the year. An increase in air pollution from India since the 1930s caused a decrease in the wind shear, allowing storms to have become stronger since 1979.[8]
Years
| Period | Seasons |
|---|---|
| 1900s | Pre-1980, 1970, 1980-1984, 1985-1988, 1989 |
| 1990s | 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 |
| 2000s | 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 |
| 2010s | 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 |
Tropical Cyclone seasons
1890s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Notes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 10 | 4 | 1 | ||||||
| 1891 | 13 | 4 | 3 | Total includes 1 Land Severe Cyclonic Storm | |||||
| 1892 | 12 | 7 | 2 | ||||||
| 1893 | 12 | 10 | 4 | ||||||
| 1894 | 12 | 6 | 0 | ||||||
| 1895 | 11 | 5 | 4 | ||||||
| 1896 | 10 | 8 | 3 | ||||||
| 1897 | 12 | 6 | 8 | ||||||
| 1898 | 13 | 7 | 3 | ||||||
| 1899 | 7 | 3 | 0 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1900s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 10 | 3 | 1 | ||||||
| 1901 | 6 | 3 | 2 | ||||||
| 1902 | 13 | 7 | 5 | ||||||
| 1903 | 14 | 8 | 2 | ||||||
| 1904 | 9 | 4 | 0 | ||||||
| 1905 | 10 | 6 | 0 | ||||||
| 1906 | 11 | 7 | 1 | ||||||
| 1907 | 15 | 8 | 4 | ||||||
| 1908 | 9 | 6 | 1 | ||||||
| 1909 | 8 | 8 | 4 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1910s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 6 | 5 | 2 | ||||||
| 1911 | 7 | 5 | 4 | ||||||
| 1912 | 9 | 6 | 2 | ||||||
| 1913 | 10 | 6 | 2 | ||||||
| 1914 | 8 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
| 1915 | 9 | 6 | 0 | ||||||
| 1916 | 14 | 8 | 5 | ||||||
| 1917 | 10 | 3 | 1 | ||||||
| 1918 | 11 | 5 | 0 | ||||||
| 1919 | 11 | 6 | 3 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1920s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1920 | 9 | 5 | 0 | ||||||
| 1921 | 10 | 4 | 1 | ||||||
| 1922 | 13 | 6 | 6 | ||||||
| 1923 | 16 | 4 | 3 | ||||||
| 1924 | 13 | 6 | 0 | ||||||
| 1925 | 20 | 7 | 3 | ||||||
| 1926 | 13 | 10 | 3 | ||||||
| 1927 | 18 | 7 | 2 | ||||||
| 1928 | 13 | 7 | 0 | ||||||
| 1929 | 15 | 6 | 0 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1930s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1930 | 14 | 10 | 1 | ||||||
| 1931 | 11 | 5 | 1 | ||||||
| 1932 | 14 | 6 | 2 | ||||||
| 1933 | 16 | 8 | 3 | ||||||
| 1934 | 16 | 5 | 0 | ||||||
| 1935 | 15 | 6 | 2 | ||||||
| 1936 | 17 | 6 | 3 | ||||||
| 1937 | 19 | 6 | 2 | ||||||
| 1938 | 10 | 4 | 4 | ||||||
| 1939 | 19 | 7 | 3 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1940s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1940 | 16 | 8 | 5 | ||||||
| 1941 | 19 | 8 | 4 | ||||||
| 1942 | 14 | 5 | 2 | ||||||
| 1943 | 14 | 7 | 1 | ||||||
| 1944 | 19 | 8 | 2 | ||||||
| 1945 | 15 | 3 | 2 | ||||||
| 1946 | 17 | 5 | 1 | ||||||
| 1947 | 18 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
| 1948 | 18 | 6 | 3 | ||||||
| 1949 | 12 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1950s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 16 | 4 | 0 | ||||||
| 1951 | 15 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
| 1952 | 17 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
| 1953 | 10 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 1954 | 14 | 1 | 0 | ||||||
| 1955 | 13 | 6 | 2 | ||||||
| 1956 | 14 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
| 1957 | 7 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
| 1958 | 12 | 5 | 2 | ||||||
| 1959 | 16 | 6 | 3 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1960s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | 15 | 5 | 3 | Ten | 20,299 | >$9.4 million | Vast majority of the fatalities resulted from two cyclones striking East Pakistan three weeks apart | ||
| 1961 | 18 | 5 | 4 | Three | 11,525 | Unknown | Three land depressions developed this season | ||
| 1962 | 13 | 5 | 3 | Twelve | 769 | $34.5 million | Deadliest storm, Harriet, crossed over from the Western Pacific | ||
| 1963 | 17 | 6 | 4 | Three | 11,735 | Unknown | Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm; had the lowest measured pressure in the basin at the time at 919.9 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg) | ||
| 1964 | 16 | 7 | 5 | Sixteen | >1,827 | >$150 million | Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm | ||
| 1965 | 14 | 6 | 4 | ||||||
| 1966 | 18 | 8 | 6 | ||||||
| 1967 | 15 | 6 | 4 | ||||||
| 1968 | 13 | 7 | 4 | ||||||
| 1969 | 14 | 6 | 1 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1970s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 15 | 7 | 3 | Bhola Cyclone | 300,000-500,000 | 86.4 million | The Bhola Cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide | ||
| 1971 | 15 | 7 | 6 | ||||||
| 1972 | 18 | 7 | 6 | ||||||
| 1973 | 16 | 6 | 3 | ||||||
| 1974 | 12 | 7 | 3 | ||||||
| 1975 | 20 | 7 | 4 | ||||||
| 1976 | 14 | 10 | 7 | ||||||
| 1977 | 18 | 5 | 5 | ||||||
| 1978 | 14 | 5 | 3 | ||||||
| 1979 | 11 | 5 | 4 | ||||||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1980s
| Year | D | CS | SCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 14 | 3 | 0 | ||||||
| 1981 | 12 | 6 | 3 | ||||||
| 1982 | 20 | 5 | 5 | ||||||
| 1983 | 8 | 3 | 2 | ||||||
| 1984 | 7 | 3 | 3 | ||||||
| 1985 | 15 | 7 | 2 | ||||||
| 1986 | 8 | 1 | 0 | ||||||
| 1987 | 9 | 5 | 3 | ||||||
| 1988 | 9 | 3 | 2 | ||||||
| 1989 | 10 | 3 | 5 | Gay | 1,785 | 25.27 Million | Gay crossed over from the West Pacific Basin | ||
| References[9] | |||||||||
1990s
| Year | D | DD | CS | SCS | VSCS | ESCS | SuCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes and References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | BOB 01 | 967 | $900 million | [10][11] |
| 1991 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | BOB 01 | >138 000 | 1.5 billion | [11] |
| 1992 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Forrest | 189 | 124.1 million | Forest crossed over from the West Pacific Basin |
| 1993 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | BOB 03 | 600 | ||
| 1994 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | ARB 01 | 285 | 125 million | |
| 1995 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 04B | 71 | ||
| 1996 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | BOB 05 | 1243 | ||
| 1997 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | BOB 01 | 117 | ||
| 1998 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | ARB 02 | >10 212 | 3 billion | |
| 1999 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | BOB 06 | 15 870 | 5 billion | The Orissa cyclone is the strongest cyclone recorded in the Northern Indian Ocean. |
| References[9] | |||||||||||
2000s
| Year | D | DD | CS | SCS | VSCS | ESCS | SuCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | BOB 05 | 152 | Unknown | |
| 2001 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ARB 01 | 108 | Unknown | |
| 2002 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | BOB 01 | Unknown | Unknown | |
| 2003 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 02A | Unknown | Unknown | |
| 2004 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | BOB 01 | 234 | Unknown | |
| 2005 | 12 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Fanoos | 1227 | Unknown | |
| 2006 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Mala | 192 | Unknown | |
| 2007 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | Gonu | 4545 | $6.4 billion | |
| 2008 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Nargis | >138 000 | $12 billion | |
| 2009 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aila | 345 | $618 million | |
| References[9] | |||||||||||
2010s
| Year | D | DD | CS | SCS | VSCS | ESCS | SuCS[A 1] | Strongest storm | Deaths | Damages (USD) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | Giri | 402 | $2.99 billion | |
| 2011 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Thane | 360 | 277 million | |
| 2012 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Nilam | 128 | 56.7 million | The first depression of the year did not develop until October 10 |
| 2013 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | Phailin | 320+ | 1.5 billion | |
| 2014 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | Nilofar | 147 | 11 billion | |
| 2015 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | Chapala | >363 | 258 million | |
| References[9] | |||||||||||
See also
- Tropical cyclone
- Atlantic hurricane season
- Pacific hurricane season
- Pacific typhoon season
- South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
- Australian region tropical cyclone season
- South Pacific tropical cyclone season
Notes
A study analyzing the spring season of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal[12] found increases in both premonsoon precipitation and tropical cyclone intensity as a result of enhanced large-scale monsoon circulation after 1979. The deepened monsoon trough in the Bay of Bengal not only affects cyclone frequency and timing, but also acts to direct more cyclones towards Myanmar. Increased anthropogenic aerosols likely contributed to such a regional climate change.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Each column refers to how many Storms developed during the season with D=Depressions, DD=Deep Depressions, CS=Cyclonic Storms, SCS=Severe Cyclonic Storm, VSCS=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, ESCS=Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, SUCS=Super Cyclonic Storm. For further details please refer to Tropical cyclone scales
References
- 1 2 http://www.mahalo.com/arabian-sea
- ↑ http://pakistanweatherportal.com/2011/04/10/history-of-cyclones-in-the-arabian-sea/
- ↑ http://pakistanweatherportal.com/2011/05/14/super-cyclones-future-of-arabian-sea/
- ↑ http://www.pakweather.com/2013/05/tropics-that-affected-pakistani-coasts.html
- 1 2 3 Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2009-07-14. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
- ↑ RSMC — Tropical Cyclones New Delhi (January 2005). Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2014 (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015.
- ↑ Third Joint Session of Panel on Tropical Cyclones & Typhoon Committee February 9 – 13, 2015 (PDF). Bangkok, Thailand: World Meterological Organization. p. 10. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015.
- ↑ Amato T. Evan, James P. Kossin, Chul ‘Eddy’ Chung, V. Ramanathan (2011). "Arabian Sea tropical cyclones intensified by emissions of black carbon and other aerosols". Nature 479: 94.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Unattributed (2010-08-31). "Annual frequency of cyclonic disturbances (Maximum sustained windspeeds of 17 knots or more), Cyclones (34 knots or more) and Severe Cyclones (48 knots or more) over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Arabian Sea (AS) and land surface of India" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- ↑ Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (RSMC) - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi (January 1992). Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 1990 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
- 1 2 Unattributed (2008-06-26). "Historical records of Severe Cyclones which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall at the eastern coast of India during the period from 1970-1999". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- ↑ DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50396 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrd.50396/abstract
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