Tropical Storm Erika

For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Erika (disambiguation).
Tropical Storm Erika
Tropical storm (SSHWS/NWS)

Tropical Storm Erika over Leeward Islands on August 27
Formed August 24, 2015
Dissipated August 28, 2015
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 50 mph (85 km/h)
Lowest pressure 1001 mbar (hPa); 29.56 inHg
Fatalities 36 confirmed
Damage $509.1 million (2015 USD)
Areas affected Antilles (particularly Dominica), The Bahamas, Florida
Part of the 2015 Atlantic hurricane season

Tropical Storm Erika of August 2015 was the deadliest natural disaster in Dominica since Hurricane David in 1979. The fifth tropical cyclone and fifth named storm of the season, Erika developed from a westward-moving tropical wave while well east of the Lesser Antilles. Despite favorable conditions, the system failed to intensify significantly and continued to move generally westward. Erika instead became disorganized over the next few days, prior to encountering stronger wind shear. Contrary to predictions of a northwesterly recurvature, the cyclone persisted on a westerly course and passed through the Leeward Islands just north of Guadeloupe on August 27. Unfavorable conditions in the Caribbean Sea prevented Erika's intensity from attaining maximum sustained winds higher than 50 mph (85 km/h). Late on August 28, the storm made landfall in Dominican Republic near the border of Barahona and Pedernales provinces. Although the cyclone re-emerged into the Caribbean early the following morning, Erika did not re-organize, and after crossing the Guantánamo Province of Cuba, it degenerated into a trough of low pressure.

Several Leeward Islands experienced heavy rainfall during the passage of Erika, especially Dominica. There, 15 in (380 mm) of precipitation fell at Canefield Airport, causing catastrophic mudslides and flooding. Hundreds of homes were left uninhabitable and entire villages were flattened. With at least 31 deaths, Erika is regarded as the deadliest natural disaster in Dominica since Hurricane David in 1979. Overall, the island nation was left with hundreds of millions in damage and was set back approximately 20 years in terms of development. In Guadeloupe, heavy rainfall in the vicinity of Basse-Terre caused flooding and mudslides, forcing roads to temporarily close. Approximately 200,000 people in Puerto Rico were left without electricity. The island experienced $17.37 million in agricultural damage. In the Dominican Republic, a weather station in Barahona measured 24.26 in (616 mm) of rain, including 8.8 in (220 mm) in a single hour. About 823 homes suffered damage and 7,345 people were displaced. Five people died in Haiti, four from a weather-related traffic accident and one from a landslide. Total damage from Erika is estimated to be over $500 million (2015 USD), with $482.8 million in Dominica alone.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

On August 20, 2015, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a tropical wave over western Africa, near the Atlantic shore.[1] The disorganized system emerged over the Atlantic Ocean several hundred miles southeast of the Cape Verde Islands later that day.[2] Moving quickly west, the system brushed the Cape Verde Islands to the south on August 22.[3] Structural improvement was slow to take place,[4] with a concentrated area of low pressure later developing within the wave on August 23 while it was situated roughly 500 mi (805 km) west-southwest of the Cape Verde Islands.[5] Organization of the low improved throughout the day as environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis.[6] Late on August 24, the system acquired gale-force winds but continued to lack a closed circulation which prevented classification as a tropical cyclone.[7] Following an ASCAT pass early on August 25 which revealed a well-defined circulation, the system was designated as Tropical Storm Erika at 03:00 UTC while situated 955 mi (1,535 km) east of the Leeward Islands. Maximum sustained winds were assessed at 45 mph (75 km/h).[8][9] Located south of a strong ridge, the system tracked briskly west.[8]

At the time of Erika's classification, forecast models diverged significantly on the potential future of Erika. Statistical guidance and the HWRF depicted a hurricane while the ECMWF and GFS showed a weaker system due to increasing wind shear. The models that intensified the storm indicated a more northerly track while those that kept it weaker had the system continuing along a westward course. Accordingly, the NHC noted low confidence in their five-day forecast for Erika.[8] Throughout August 25 and into early August 26, the convective organization of the system fluctuated, periodically leaving the center of circulation exposed.[10][11][12][13] Around 09:00 UTC on August 27, the disorganized center of Erika passed between Guadeloupe and Antigua.[14] Despite continued shear, Erika managed to intensify slightly. Aircraft reconnaissance fixed pressures of 1001 and 1003 mbar (hPa; 29.56 and 29.62 inHg) while surface winds were estimated at 50 mph (85 km/h). This constituted as the peak intensity of the cyclone.[15]

Convection remained poorly organized and mostly confined to eastern portions of the cyclone as it entered the eastern Caribbean Sea.[15] Multiple circulation centers were noted during the overnight of August 27–28, all rotating around a broad general center. One such center moved over St. Croix and produced gale-force gusts. Environmental conditions ahead of the storm became increasingly hostile, and forecasters at the NHC continued to note unusually high uncertainty in their forecasts.[16] The storm steadily lost organization as it approached the Dominican Republic, with the circulation barely closed by the afternoon of August 28. The strongest winds persisted well east of Erika's center within the deepest convection.[17] Around 21:00 UTC, the storm made landfall along the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic.[18] The disheveled cyclone emerged over the Windward Passage early on August 29.[19] Between 09:00 and 12:00 UTC, the poorly defined center of Erika struck eastern Cuba.[20][21] Around 13:30 UTC, aircraft reconnaissance investigated the system twice, and found no closed circulation both times. Judged by this, the National Hurricane Center determined that Erika opened into a trough while still off the coast of Cuba. Accordingly, the NHC issued their final advisory.[22] The remnants of the system then caused torrential rain in Florida and surrounding areas.

Warnings and watches

Tropical Storm Erika approaching Hispaniola on August 28

Many warnings and watches were issued by NHC and various meteorological institutes as Tropical Storm Erika threatened. On August 25 at 09:00 UTC, tropical storm watch was put into effect for Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Sint Eustatius.[23] Fourteen hours later, the tropical storm watch was expanded to include Guadeloupe, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Martin.[24] Additional tropical storm watches were issued for Puerto Rico and the British and United States Virgin Islands early on August 26. Simultaneously, the tropical storm watch for Anguilla, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[25] Around 09:00 UTC on August 26, the tropical storm watch in the Antigua and Barbuda, British and United States Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, and Saint Kitts and Nevis was increased to a tropical storm warning.[26] About six hours later, the tropical storm watch for Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[27]

A tropical storm watch was issued for the north coast of Dominican Republic from Cape Engaño to Cabo Frances Viejo at 21:00 UTC on August 26. Around that time, a tropical storm watch was also posted for the southeastern Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands.[28] At 15:00 UTC on August 27, the tropical storm watch in the Dominican Republic and extended westward to the border with Haiti.[29] Three hours later, the tropical storm warning for Antigua and Barbuda was lifted. Simultaneously, the tropical storm watch for Dominican Republic was extended southward to Saona Island.[30] By 21:00 UTC on August 27, that tropical storm watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[31] Five minutes later, the tropical storm watch in Guadeloupe was canceled.[32] The tropical storm warnings for Anguilla, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten were removed at 00:00 UTC on August 28. Simultaneously, a tropical storm watch was issued in Dominican Republic from Saona Island westward to Punta Palenque, another for the central Bahamas, and the tropical storm watch for the southeastern Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[33]

At 03:55 UTC on August 28, a tropical storm warning came into effect for Haiti.[34] Just over five hours later, the tropical storm watch in Dominican Republic from Saona Island to Punta Palenque was upgraded to a tropical storm warning. The tropical storm watch in the central Bahamas was upgraded to a tropical storm warning, while a tropical storm watch was posted for the northwestern islands.[35] Two tropical storm warnings in effect Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin were both discontinued at 12:00 UTC on August 28.[36] Three hours after that, the tropical storm warning was canceled for both the British and United States Virgin Islands, while a tropical storm watch was issued for the Cuban provinces of Camagüey, Ciego de Ávila, Guantánamo, Holguín, and Las Tunas.[37]

Preparations

The NHC's forecast track for Tropical Storm Erika at 5:00 a.m. EDT (09:00 UTC) on August 28, depicting the storm traversing the Dominican Republic, brushing the Bahamas, and moving across the entirety of the Florida Peninsula.

Caribbean

The Red Cross opened four shelters to the public across the United States Virgin Islands.[38] The local Health Department also opened special needs shelters on St. Croix and St. Thomas. All non-essential government personnel were given administrative leave on August 27. Owing to rough seas, local ports temporarily closed. Although airports remained open, several airlines cancelled flights.[39] A territory-wide curfew was imposed until the afternoon of August 28.[40]

Schools, ports, and beaches were closed across the Dominican Republic.[41] The Army of the Dominican Republic deployed 275 soldiers and alongside the nation's Air Force, assisted with the evacuation of residents. The Navy was placed on standby for potential search and rescue operations.[42]

Florida

On August 28, Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency.[43] Despite the storm dissipating the following day, Scott kept the emergency declaration in place and stated, "This storm has been completely unpredictable the whole time...we will still get a lot of rain and a lot of flooding."[44] Thirty members of the Florida National Guard were positioned while another 8,000 were placed on standby.[44] A collective 17 flights were cancelled at Miami International Airport and Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport on August 28.[45] Schools in Hendry County preemptively closed for August 31,[44] with officials citing flooding concerns.[46] Sandbags were distributed to residents in Doral, Hallandale Beach, Hollywood, and Sweetwater.[47]

Erika posed the first significant hurricane threat to the state since Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Since that time, the state's population grew by 2 million with many presumed to have never experienced a hurricane before.[44] Some newer residents remained apathetic over the storm, dismissing it as "another excuse to skip work or school or to party."[48]

Impact

Impact by country or region
County/Region Deaths Damage Source
Dominica 31 $482.8 million
Dominican Republic 0 $8.9 million
Haiti 5 N/A
Puerto Rico 0 $17.37 million [49]
Total 36 $509.1 million

Lesser Antilles

In Guadeloupe, close to where the storm's center passed, effects were less severe. Rains reached 100 mm (3.9 in) in Basse-Terre while gusts peaked at 100 km/h (62 mph) on La Désirade. Some landslides and flooding were reported, with roads in Basse-Terre temporarily closed. Électricité de France reported that 1,600 customers lost power during the storm.[50] Rough seas in Martinique grounded boats.[51] Landslides and felled trees blocked several roadways across the island.[52]

Dominica

Torrential rains fell across Dominica, amounting to at least 15 in (380 mm) at Canefield Airport.[53] That airport and Douglas–Charles Airport were both flooded,[54] with water rising above a small airplane at the latter. At least 20 homes were destroyed and 80 percent of the island was left without power. The main river running through Roseau, the nation's capital, burst its banks during the overnight of August 26–August 27, flooding surrounding areas.[53] One person was killed during a mudslide and one building collapsed in the city.[54][55] Dominica Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit stated that 31 fatalities have been confirmed, with at least 14 bodies recovered in the mountain community of Petite Savanne. As of September 4, a total of 35 people remain missing across the island, including two French citizens.[56][57][58][59]

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Dominica
Highest known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref
Rank mm in
1 422.3 16.63 Jeanne 2004 [60]
2 ~380.0 ~15.00 Erika 2015 Canefield Airport [61][53]
3 246.4 9.70 Edith 1963 [62]
4 215.9 8.50 David 1979 Roseau [63]
5 150.1 5.91 Abby 1960 [64]
6 20.6 0.81 Flora 1963 [62]

Reports from The Dominican indicate at least 27 deaths in Petite Savanne, which was devastated by mudslides. The agency also reported eight deaths elsewhere on the island: three in Good Hope, two in Bath Estate, and one in each Castle Bruce, Delices, and Marigot. If confirmed, this would make Erika among deadliest natural disasters in recent history on the island,[65] comparable to Hurricane David in 1979.[63][65] According to Prime Minister Skerrit, damage to Dominica was expected to total tens of millions of dollars and set the country back 20 years in terms of development.[66][67] Preliminary surveys of the damage done in Dominica indicated that Erika wrought over $374 million in damage to the infrastructure and economy across Dominica; including $226 million in damage to roads, and $87 million to the housing sector.[68] This accounts for over half of the country's GDP of $500 million.[56][69] A total of 890 homes were destroyed or left uninhabitable while 14,291 people were rendered homeless. All told, damage from the storm amounted to $482.8 million.[70]

The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency pledged assistance to Dominica, offering two helicopters with supplies and medics from Trinidad.[40] China and the Caribbean Development Bank offered US$300,000 and US$200,000 in aid, respectively, to the nation.[67][71]

Greater Antilles

Much needed rains fell across drought-stricken Puerto Rico. Strong winds in the territory left approximately 200,000 people without electricity,[40] and caused at least US$17.37 million in crop damage.[49]

A weather station in Barahona, Dominican Republic measured 24.26 in (616 mm) of rain during Erika's passage, including 8.8 in (220 mm) in a single hour. Surrounding areas reported significant less rain, however.[72] Throughout the country, 823 homes suffered damage and 7,345 people were displaced. Erika blocked over 400 roads and left many power outages.[73] Winds gusts of 50 mph (85 km/h) in Azua caused at least 400 million DOP (US$8.88 million) in damage to the banana crop.[74] Heavy rains also impacted Haiti, which was still recovering from a catastrophic earthquake in 2010; an estimated 60,000 people remained in emergency housing.[41] Four persons died and eleven others were hospitalized in Léogâne, when a truck crashed into a bus on rain-slicked roads and exploded.[69] A fifth death occurred during a landslide in Port-au-Prince. Two people in the area were injured after a house collapsed.[75]

The remnants of Erika later brought much needed rains to Cuba, which was suffering from its worst drought since 1901.[41]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Eric S. Blake (August 20, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  2. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (August 20, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  3. ↑ John P. Cangialosi (August 22, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  4. ↑ Jack L. Beven (August 22, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  5. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain (August 23, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  6. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain (August 23, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  7. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (August 24, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 Daniel P. Brown (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  9. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  10. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 3 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  11. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 4 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  12. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 5 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  13. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 26, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 6 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  14. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 10 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  15. 1 2 Michael J. Brennan (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 10 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  16. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (August 28, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 13 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  17. ↑ Jack L. Beven (August 28, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 16 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  18. ↑ Jack L. Beven (August 28, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 16 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  19. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 29, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 18 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  20. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 29, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 18 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  21. ↑ Jack L. Beven (August 29, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Intermedia Advisory Number 18A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  22. ↑ Jack L. Beven (August 29, 2015). Remnants of Erika Special Discussion Number 19 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  23. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 2 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  24. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 3 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  25. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (August 26, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 5 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  26. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 26, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 6 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  27. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (August 26, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 7 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  28. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (August 26, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 8 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  29. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 11 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  30. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Intermediate Advisory Number 11A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  31. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 12 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  32. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  33. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (August 28, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Intermediate Advisory Number 12A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  34. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (August 28, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  35. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 14 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  36. ↑ John L. Beven II (August 28, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Intermediate Advisory Number 14A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  37. ↑ John L. Beven II (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 15 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  38. ↑ Lauren Krizansky (August 27, 2015). "Shelter locations What you should bring Special needs shelters set up on St. Thomas and St. Croix Shelters ready to protect V.I. residents". Virgin Island Daily News. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  39. ↑ Joy Blackburn (August 27, 2015). "Residents urged to seek shelter, ports close as Erika nears". Virgin Island Daily News. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  40. 1 2 3 "Erika soaks Puerto Rico after 4 killed in Dominica". San Juan, Puerto Rico: Newsday. Associated Press. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  41. 1 2 3 Francisco Jara (August 30, 2015). "Tropical storm Erika drenches parched Cuba". Havana, Cuba: ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  42. ↑ Informe de Situación Por Sector No.3 Tormenta Tropical Erika, 11:00 am (PDF). Government of the Dominican Republic (Report) (in Spanish) (ReliefWeb). August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Florida governor declares state of emergency as Tropical Storm Erika nears; could hit Monday". Tallahassee, Florida: The Washington Post. Associated Press. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Sean Breslin (August 29, 2015). "Governor: State of Emergency Still In Effect For Florida as Erika Remnants Approach". The Weather Channel. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  45. ↑ Emon Reiser (August 28, 2015). "Tropical Storm Erika: Miami, Fort Lauderdale airports cancel flights". South Florida Business Journal. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  46. ↑ "Hendry County cancels school Monday, others wait for Sunday update". news-press.com. Fort Myers, Florida: Gannett Company. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  47. ↑ Amanda Batchelor (August 28, 2015). "Sandbags given out in South Florida before Tropical Storm Erika". Doral, Florida: WPLG. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  48. ↑ Alan Gomez (August 28, 2015). "Miami residents still on alert despite weakening Tropical Storm Erika". USA Today. Miami, Florida: Gannett Company. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  49. 1 2 Puerto Rico Event Report: Tropical Storm (Report). National Climatic Data Center. National Weather Service Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  50. ↑ "Guadeloupe: le passage de la tempête Erika provoque de fortes précipitations" (in French). Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe: L'Express. Agence France-Presse. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  51. ↑ "Forte houle à Schoelcher, bateaux échoués" (in French). France-Antilles. August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  52. ↑ Laurie-Anne Virassamy (August 27, 2015). "Erika perturbe la Martinique" (in French). France Télévisions. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  53. 1 2 3 Carlisle Jno Paptiste and Danica Coto (August 27, 2015). "5 missing in Dominica as Tropical Storm Erika unleashes heavy rain, wind, landslides". U.S. News & World Report (Roseau, Dominica). Associated Press. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  54. 1 2 "Tropical Storm Erika: At Least 2 Dead, Widespread Flooding Reported in Dominica; Florida Prepares For Possible Impacts". The Weather Channel. August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  55. ↑ "CARIBBEAN: Storm wreaks havoc on Dominica". St. Lucia News Online. August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  56. 1 2 "Storms' damage to roads, bridges pegged at $226M". Press Reader. The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  57. ↑ "Dominica pleads for help as storm death toll tops 30". Yahoo News. Yahoo News. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  58. ↑ "Gobierno de Dominica eleva a 20 las muertes por el paso de la tormenta Erika" (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: el Nuevo Herald. EFE. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  59. ↑ Adam Lidgett (August 28, 2015). "At Least 25 Dead In Dominica From Tropical Storm Erika Flooding, Landslides In Caribbean Island". International Business Times. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  60. ↑ Gary Padgett (May 17, 2005). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary September 2004". Retrieved January 13, 2007.
  61. ↑ "Tropical Storm Erika: At Least 2 Dead, Widespread Flooding Reported in Dominica; Florida Prepares For Possible Impacts". The Weather Channel. August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  62. 1 2 Roth, David M. (2015-04-30). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
  63. 1 2 Paul J. Hebert (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society) 108 (7): 973–990. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  64. ↑ "Preliminary Report on Hurricane Abby, July 10–15, 1960". National Hurricane Center. p. 1.
  65. 1 2 "At least 27 dead in Petite Savanne following Erika". The Dominican. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  66. ↑ "Nine dead, others missing after Tropical Storm Erika's deluge hits Dominica". CNN. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
  67. 1 2 "China offers $300,000 in aid to storm-hit Dominica". Beijing, China: The Economic Times. Agence France-Presse. August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
  68. ↑ "Dominica: Tropical Storm Erikas Damages Over USD 374 Million". Prensa Latina Agencia Informativa Lationamericana. Prensa Latina Agencia Informativa Lationamericana. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  69. 1 2 "Dominica estimates Tropical Storm Erika damage at nearly half of GDP". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  70. ↑ Ashley Mayrianne Jones (October 3, 2015). "Month after Erika, Dominica destruction 'jaw-dropping'". Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  71. ↑ "CDB offers Emergency Relief Grant to Dominica". Barbados Today. August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  72. ↑ Jeff Masters (August 29, 2015). "Erika Dissipates". Weather Underground. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  73. ↑ "Erika leaves over 7,300 displaced in Dominican Republic". Dominican Today (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic). August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  74. ↑ Rentería Montero (August 29, 2015). "Vientos tormenta Erika arrasan con plantaciones plátanos en Valle de Azua" (in Spanish). CDN. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  75. ↑ Francisco Jara (August 30, 2015). "Tropical storm Erika drenches parched Cuba". ReliefWeb (Havana, Cuba). Agence France-Presse. Retrieved August 30, 2015.

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