Triple jump
| Athletics Triple jump | |
|---|---|
|
Former world record holder Willie Banks. | |
| Men's records | |
| World | Jonathan Edwards 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) (1995) |
| Olympic | Kenny Harrison 18.09 m (59 ft 4 in) (1996) |
| Women's records | |
| World | Inessa Kravets 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) (1995) |
| Olympic | Françoise Mbango 15.39 m (50 ft 53⁄4 in) (2008) |
The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to the long jump. The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit. The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games' inception in 1896.
According to IAAF rules, "the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot as that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the other foot, from which, subsequently, the jump is performed." [1]
The current male and female world record holders are Jonathan Edwards of Great Britain, with a jump of 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in), and Inessa Kravets of Ukraine, with a jump of 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in). Both records were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg.
History
Historical sources on the ancient Olympic Games occasionally mention jumps of 15 meters or more. This led sports historians to conclude that these must have been a series of jumps, thus providing the basis for the triple jump.[2] However, there is no evidence for the triple jump being included in the ancient Olympic Games, and it is possible that the recorded extraordinary distances are due to artistic license of the authors of victory poems, rather than attempts to report accurate results.[3]
The triple jump was a part of the inaugural modern Olympics in Athens, although at the time it consisted of two hops on the same foot and then a jump. In fact, the first modern Olympic champion, James Connolly, was a triple jumper. Early Olympics also included the standing triple jump, although this has since been removed from the Olympic program and is rarely performed in competition today. The women's triple jump was introduced into the Atlanta Olympics in 1996.[4]
In Irish mythology the geal-ruith (triple jump), was an event contested in the ancient Irish Tailteann Games as early as 1829 BC.[5]
Technique
Approach
The athlete sprints down a runway to a takeoff mark, from which the triple jump is measured. The takeoff mark is commonly a physical piece of wood or similar material embedded in the runway, or a rectangle painted on the runway surface. In modern championships a strip of plasticine, tape, or modeling clay is attached to the far edge of the board to record athletes overstepping or "scratching" the mark, defined by the trailing edge of the board. There are three phases of the triple jump: the "hop" phase, the "bound" or "step" phase, and the "jump" phase. These three phases are executed in one continuous sequence.
Hop
The hop starts with the athlete jumping from the take off board on one leg, which for descriptive purposes will be the right leg . The objective of the first phase is to hop out, focusing all momentum forward. The hop landing phase is very active, involving a powerful backward "pawing" action of the right leg, with the right take-off foot landing heel first on the runway.
Step
The hop landing also marks the beginning of the step phase, where the athlete utilises the backward momentum of the right leg to immediately execute a powerful jump forwards and upwards, the left leg assisting the take-off with a powerful hip flexion thrust. This leads to the familiar step-phase mid-air position, with the right take off leg trailing flexed at the knee, and the left leg now leading flexed at the hip and knee. The jumper then holds this position for as long as possible, before extending the knee of the leading left leg and then immediately beginning a powerful backward motion of the whole left leg, again landing on the runway with a powerful pawing action.
Jump
The step landing forms the beginning of the take-off of the final phase (the jump), where the athlete utilises the backward force from the left leg to take off again. The jump phase is very similar to the long jump although most athletes have lost too much speed by this time to manage a full hitch kick, and most use a hang or sail technique.
When landing in the sand-filled pit, the jumper should aim to avoid sitting back on landing, or placing either hand behind the feet. The sand pit usually begins 13m from the take off board for male international competition, or 11m from the board for international female and club-level male competition. Each phase of the triple jump should get progressively higher, and there should be a regular rhythm to the 3 landings.
Foul
A "foul", also known as a "scratch," or missed jump, occurs when a jumper oversteps the takeoff mark, misses the pit entirely, does not use the correct foot sequence throughout the phases, or does not perform the attempt in the allotted amount of time (usually about 90 seconds). When a jumper "scratches," the seated official will raise a red flag and the jumper who was "on deck," or up next, prepares to jump.
It shall not be considered a foul if an athlete, while jumping, should touch or scrape the ground with his/her "sleeping leg". Also called a "scrape foul", "sleeping leg" touch violations were ruled as fouls prior to the mid-1980s. The IAAF changed the rules following outrage at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, when Russian field officials in the Men's Triple Jump ruled as foul 8 of the 12 jumps made by two leading competitors (from Brazil and Australia) thus helping two Russian jumpers win the Gold and Silver medals.
Records
Outdoor
| Area | Men's | Women's | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mark (m) | Athlete | Mark (m) | Athlete | |
| World | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) |  Jonathan Edwards (GBR) | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) |  Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
| Continental records | ||||
| Africa | 17.37 m (56 ft 113⁄4 in) |  Tarik Bouguetaïb (MAR) | 15.39 m (50 ft 53⁄4 in) |  Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
| Asia | 17.59 m (57 ft 81⁄2 in) |  Yanxi Li (CHN) | 15.25 m (50 ft 01⁄4 in) |  Olga Rypakova (KAZ) |
| Europe | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) | Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
| North, Central America and Caribbean | 18.21 m (59 ft 83⁄4 in) |  Christian Taylor (USA) | 15.29 m (50 ft 13⁄4 in) |  Yamilé Aldama (CUB) |
| Oceania | 17.46 m (57 ft 31⁄4 in) |  Ken Lorraway (AUS) | 14.04 m (46 ft 03⁄4 in) | Nicole Mladenis (AUS) |
| South America | 17.90 m (58 ft 81⁄2 in) |  Jadel Gregório (BRA) | 15.31 m (50 ft 23⁄4 in) |  Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
Note: As in all track-and-field events, results cannot count towards records if they are Wind assisted (>2.0 m/s).
All-time top 25 athletes
Men (absolute)
| Rank | Mark | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Location | Date | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) | 1.3 | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) | Gothenburg | 7 August 1995 | |
| 2 | 18.21 m (59 ft 83⁄4 in) | 0.2 | Christian Taylor (USA) | Beijing | 27 August 2015 | [12] |
| 3 | 18.09 m (59 ft 4 in) | −0.4 | Kenny Harrison (USA) | Atlanta | 27 July 1996 | |
| 4 | 18.08 m (59 ft 33⁄4 in) | 0.0 | Pedro Pablo Pichardo (CUB) | Havana | 28 May 2015 | [13] |
| 5 | 18.04 m (59 ft 2 in) | 0.3 |  Teddy Tamgho (FRA) | Moscow | 18 August 2013 | |
| 6 | 17.97 m (58 ft 111⁄4 in) | 1.5 | Willie Banks (USA) | Indianapolis | 16 June 1985 | |
| 7 | 17.92 m (58 ft 91⁄2 in) | 1.6 | .svg.png){kind=small} Khristo Markov (BUL) | Rome | 31 August 1987 | |
| 1.9 |  James Beckford (JAM) | Odessa | 20 May 1995 | |||
| 9 | 17.90 m (58 ft 81⁄2 in) | 0.4 | Jadel Gregório (BRA) | Belém | 20 May 2007 | |
| 1.0 |  Vladimir Inozemtsev (URS) | Bratislava | 20 June 1990 | |||
| 11 | 17.89 m (58 ft 81⁄4 in) | 0.0 | João Carlos de Oliveira (BRA) | Mexico City | 15 October 1975 | |
| 12 | 17.87 m (58 ft 71⁄2 in) | 1.7 | Mike Conley (USA) | San Jose | 27 June 1987 | |
| 13 | 17.86 m (58 ft 7 in) | 1.3 | Charles Simpkins (USA) | Kobe | 2 September 1985 | |
| 14 | 17.85 m (58 ft 63⁄4 in) | 0.0 | Yoelbi Quesada (CUB) | Athens | 8 August 1997 | |
| 15 | 17.83 m (58 ft 53⁄4 in) | indoor | Aliecer Urrutia (CUB) | Sindelfingen | 1 March 1997 | |
| indoor |  Christian Olsson (SWE) | Budapest | 7 March 2004 | |||
| 17 | 17.81 m (58 ft 5 in) | 1.0 |  Marian Oprea (ROU) | Lausanne | 5 July 2005 | |
| 0.1 | Phillips Idowu (GBR) | Barcelona | 29 July 2009 | |||
| 19 | 17.78 m (58 ft 4 in) | 1.0 | Nikolay Musiyenko (URS) | Leningrad | 7 June 1986 | |
| 0.6 | Lazaro Betancourt (CUB) | Havana | 15 June 1986 | |||
| 0.8 | Melvin Lister (USA) | Havana | 17 July 2004 | |||
| 22 | 17.77 m (58 ft 31⁄2 in) | 1.0 | Aleksandr Kovalenko (URS) | Bryansk | 18 July 1987 | |
| indoor |  Leonid Voloshin (RUS) | Grenoble | 6 February 1994 | |||
| 24 | 17.75 m (58 ft 23⁄4 in) | 0.3 | Oleg Protsenko (URS) | Moscow | 10 June 1990 | |
| 0.8 | Will Claye (USA) | Sacramento | 27 June 2014 |
Women (absolute)
| Rank | Mark | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Location | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) | 0.9 | Inessa Kravets (UKR) | Gothenburg | 10 August 1995 |
| 2 | 15.39 m (50 ft 53⁄4 in) | 0.5 | Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) | Beijing | 17 August 2008 |
| 3 | 15.36 m (50 ft 41⁄2 in) | indoor | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) | Budapest | 6 March 2004 |
| 4 | 15.32 m (50 ft 3 in) | 0.9 |  Hrysopiyi Devetzi (GRE) | Athens | 21 August 2004 |
| 5 | 15.31 m (50 ft 23⁄4 in) | 0.0 | Catherine Ibargüen (COL) | Monaco | 18 July 2014 |
| 6 | 15.29 m (50 ft 13⁄4 in) | 0.3 | Yamilé Aldama (CUB) | Rome | 11 July 2003 |
| 7 | 15.28 m (50 ft 11⁄2 in) | 0.9 | Yargelis Savigne (CUB) | Osaka | 31 August 2007 |
| 8 | 15.25 m (50 ft 01⁄4 in) | 1.7 | Olga Rypakova (KAZ) | Split | 4 September 2010 |
| 9 | 15.20 m (49 ft 101⁄4 in) | 0.0 |  Šárka Kašpárková (CZE) | Athens | 4 August 1997 |
| −0.3 |  Tereza Marinova (BUL) | Sydney | 24 September 2000 | ||
| 11 | 15.18 m (49 ft 91⁄2 in) | 0.3 | Iva Prandzheva (BUL) | Goteborg | 10 August 1995 |
| 12 | 15.16 m (49 ft 83⁄4 in) | 0.1 | Rodica Mateescu (ROU) | Athens | 4 August 1997 |
| 0.7 | Trecia Smith (JAM) | Linz | 2 August 2004 | ||
| indoor | Ashia Hansen (GBR) | Valencia | 28 February 1998 | ||
| 15 | 15.14 m (49 ft 8 in) | 1.9 | Nadezhda Alekhina (RUS) | Cheboksary | 26 July 2009 |
| 16 | 15.09 m (49 ft 6 in) | 0.5 | Anna Biryukova (RUS) | Stuttgart | 29 August 1993 |
| −0.5 | Inna Lasovskaya (RUS) | Valencia | 31 May 1997 | ||
| 18 | 15.08 m (49 ft 51⁄2 in) | indoor |  Marija Šestak (SLO) | Peania | 13 February 2008 |
| 19 | 15.07 m (49 ft 51⁄4 in) | −0.6 | Paraskevi Tsiamita (GRE) | Sevilla | 22 August 1999 |
| 20 | 15.04 m (49 ft 4 in) | 1.7 | Ekaterina Koneva (RUS) | Eugene | 30 May 2015 |
| 21 | 15.03 m (49 ft 31⁄2 in) | 1.9 |  Magdelin Martinez (ITA) | Rome | 26 June 2004 |
| indoor | Iolanda Chen (RUS) | Barcelona | 11 March 1995 | ||
| 23 | 15.02 m (49 ft 31⁄4 in) | 0.9 | Anna Pyatykh (RUS) | Goteborg | 9 August 2006 |
| 24 | 15.00 m (49 ft 21⁄2 in) | 1.2 |  Kene Ndoye (SEN) | Iraklio | 4 July 2004 |
| 25 | 14.99 m (49 ft 2 in) | 0.2 | Olga Saladukha (UKR) | Helsinki | 29 June 2012 |
Olympic medalists
Men
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Women
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 Atlanta |
Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
Inna Lasovskaya (RUS) |
Šárka Kašpárková (CZE) |
| 2000 Sydney |
Tereza Marinova (BUL) |
Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Olena Hovorova (UKR) |
| 2004 Athens |
Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Hrysopiyí Devetzí (GRE) |
Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
| 2008 Beijing |
Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Hrysopiyí Devetzí (GRE) |
| 2012 London |
Olga Rypakova (KAZ) |
Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
Olha Saladukha (UKR) |
World Championships medalists
Men
Women
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 Stuttgart | Anna Biryukova (RUS) |
Yolanda Chen (RUS) |
Iva Prandzheva (BUL) |
| 1995 Gothenburg | Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
Iva Prandzheva (BUL) |
Anna Biryukova (RUS) |
| 1997 Athens | Šárka Kašpárková (CZE) |
Rodica Mateescu (ROU) |
Olena Hovorova (UKR) |
| 1999 Seville | Paraskevi Tsiamita (GRE) |
Yamilé Aldama (CUB) |
Olga Vasdeki (GRE) |
| 2001 Edmonton | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Tereza Marinova (BUL) |
| 2003 Saint-Denis | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Magdelin Martinez (ITA) |
| 2005 Helsinki | Trecia Smith (JAM) |
Yargelis Savigne (CUB) |
Anna Pyatykh (RUS) |
| 2007 Osaka | Yargelis Savigne (CUB) |
Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Hrysopiyí Devetzí (GRE) |
| 2009 Berlin | Yargelis Savigne (CUB) |
Mabel Gay (CUB) |
Anna Pyatykh (RUS) |
| 2011 Daegu | Olha Saladukha (UKR) |
Olga Rypakova (KAZ) |
Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
| 2013 Moscow | Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
Ekaterina Koneva (RUS) |
Olha Saladukha (UKR) |
| 2015 Beijing | Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
 Hanna Knyazyeva-Minenko (ISR) |
Olga Rypakova (KAZ) |
Season's bests
Men
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Women
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- "i" denotes indoor performance.
Notes and references
- ↑ "IAAF Competition Rules 2012-2013" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- ↑ Rosenbaum, Mike (2012). An Illustrated History of the Triple Jump. Retrieved from http://trackandfield.about.com/od/triplejump/ss/illustriplejump.htm.
- ↑ Koski, Rissanen & Tahvanainen (2004). Antiikin urheilu. Olympian kentiltä Rooman areenoille. [The Sports of Antiquity. From the Fields of Olympia to Roman Arenas.] Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus Oy. ISBN 951-796-341-6
- ↑ "Athletics at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Games: Women's Triple Jump". Sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- ↑ Adams, Patricia (2006-03-01). History of the Highland Games and Women in Scottish Athletics. ...contained in the Irish "Book of Leinster", which was written in the twelfth century AD...this book describes the Tailteann Games held at Telltown, County Meath from 1829 BC until at least 554 BC...included in these events...were the geal-ruith (triple jump). Clan MacTavish Genealogy and History, 1 March 2006. Retrieved from http://www.dunardry.net/ladies_lounge.html.
- ↑ Men's Outdoor Triple Jump Records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Women's Outdoor Triple Jump Records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Triple Jump - men - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Triple Jump - women - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Triple Jump - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Triple Jump - women - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ "Triple Jump Results" (PDF). IAAF. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ↑ Javier Clavelo Robinson; Phil Minshull (29 May 2015). "Pichardo triple jumps 18.08m in Havana". IAAF. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
External links
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