Epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Classification and external resources
Specialty Dermatology
OMIM 226400 305350
DiseasesDB 31394
eMedicine derm/123
MeSH D004819
Orphanet 302

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (also called Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia), colloquially known as tree man illness is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic[1] hereditary skin disorder associated with a high risk of carcinoma of the skin. It is characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the skin.[2] The resulting uncontrolled HPV infections result in the growth of scaly macules and papules, particularly on the hands and feet. It is typically associated with HPV types 5 and 8,[3] which are found in about 80 percent of the normal population as asymptomatic infections,[4] although other types may also contribute.[3]

The condition usually has an onset of between the ages of 1–20,[5] but can occasionally present in middle-age.[5] It is named after the physicians who first documented it, Felix Lewandowsky and Wilhelm Lutz.[6]

Genetics

The cause of the condition is an inactivating PH mutation in either the EVER1 or EVER2 genes, which are located adjacent to one another on chromosome 17.[1] The precise function of these genes is not yet fully understood, but they play a role in regulating the distribution of zinc in the cell nuclei. Zinc is a necessary cofactor for many viral proteins, and the activity of EVER1/EVER2 complex appears to restrict the access of viral proteins to cellular zinc stores, limiting their growth.[7]

Other genes have also rarely been associated with this condition. These include the ras homolog gene family member H.[8]

Diagnosis

Clinical diagnostic features are lifelong eruptions of pityriasis versicolor-like macules, flat wart-like papules and development of cutaneous carcinomas.

Patients present with flat, slightly scaly, red-brown macules on the face, neck and body, recurring especially around the penial area, or verruca-like papillomatous lesions, seborrheic keratosis-like lesions, and pinkish-red plane papules on the hands, upper and lower extremities, and face. The benign form of EV presents with only flat, wart-like lesions over the body, whereas the malignant form shows a higher rate of polymorphic skin lesions and development of multiple cutaneous tumors.

Generally, cutaneous lesions are spread over the body, but there are some cases with only a few lesions which are limited to one extremity.[9][10]

Treatment

No serious treatment against EV has been found yet. Several treatments have been suggested, and acitretin 0.5–1 mg/day for 6 months’ duration is the most effective treatment owing to antiproliferative and differentiation-inducing effects.

Interferons can also be used effectively together with retinoids.

Cimetidine was reported to be effective because of its depressing mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and regulatory T cell activity features. A report by Oliveira et al. showed that cimetidine was ineffective. Hayashi et al. applied topical calcipotriol to a patient with a successful result.

As mentioned, various treatment methods are offered against EV; however, most important, education of the patient, early diagnosis and excision of the tumoral lesions take preference to prevent the development of cutaneous tumors.

Notable cases

In March 2007, a Romanian man named Ion Toader was diagnosed with this condition.[11] A patient of dermatologist Carmen Madeleine Curea, his pictures appeared on numerous blogs and Romanian press sources. Curea works with Spitalul Clinic Colentina in Bucharest, Romania. Stephen Stone, past president of the American Academy of Dermatology, confirms this is Lewandowsky-Lutz. Toader underwent surgery in late 2013, and since then has been mostly cured, with only small reappearances. His case was not as progressive as the next.

In November 2007, a video of a 34-year-old Indonesian man named Dede Koswara with a similar disease appeared on the Internet.[12] His story appeared on the USA's Discovery Channel and TLC series "My Shocking Story" (Extraordinary People on UK's Five) in the episode "Half Man Half Tree".[13] On August 12, 2008, Dede Koswara's story was the subject of an ABC's Medical Mystery episode entitled "Tree Man".[14]

On 26 August 2008, Dede returned home following surgery to remove 6 kg (13 lb) of warts from his body.[15] The surgery consisted of three steps:

In all, 95 percent of the warts were removed.[15] The surgery was documented by the Discovery Channel and TLC in the episode "Treeman: Search for the Cure". However, his warts have returned and it appears he will need two surgeries a year for the rest of his life to keep them at bay.[16] The Discovery Channel funded a blood analysis and found he lacked an immune system antigen to fight yeast infection. He was offered to have more tests run to determine whether it is treatable, and the doctor was fairly optimistic, but he refused the treatment.

In 2009, the Discovery Channel episode "Treeman Meets Treeman" reported on another Indonesian man, from the same region as Dede, who also has the disease and was given a similar treatment for it. His treatment seemed to have worked better.

According to The Jakarta Post, Dede underwent the first of a series of new surgical procedures to remove the regrown warts in the spring of 2011. Surgery has, however, proven to be a temporary solution for Dede as the warts continue to reemerge. He has thus undergone three surgical operations since his major surgery in 2008, which was covered by the Discovery Channel. At the end of December 2010, two doctors from Japan, affiliated with the Japanese Society for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, came and brought Dede alternative medicine in powder form, made from coix seeds, or Job's Tears. The medicine was still undergoing a lab test until he passed away because of complication he had been suffering at 30 January 2016, around 03:30 WIB (Western Indonesia Time), Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung.[17]

In January 2016, a 25 year old patient named Abul Bajandar from Khulna, Bangladesh was admitted in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital and was diagnosed with this condition.[18] Doctors at the hospital decided to form a medical board for the treatment of the patient.[19][20] It was reported that Bajandar would undergo surgery for the removal of the warts (weighing in excess of 5 kg) from his hands, feet and legs.[21]

Society and culture

A character with epidermodysplasia verruciformis was profiled on season 5, episode 20 of Nip/Tuck in 2009.

A similar case was featured on Grey's Anatomy season 7, episode 3 in 2010.[22]

A character with epidermodysplasia verruciformis was also featured in a music video for the song "cool song no. 2" by rock band MGMT.[23]

References

  1. 1 2 Ramoz N, Rueda LA, Bouadjar B, Montoya LS, Orth G, Favre M (December 2002). "Mutations in two adjacent novel genes are associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis". Nature Genetics 32 (4): 579–81. doi:10.1038/ng1044. PMID 12426567.
  2. ↑ Lazarczyk M, Pons C, Mendoza JA, Cassonnet P, Jacob Y, Favre M (January 2008). "Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses". The Journal of Experimental Medicine 205 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1084/jem.20071311. PMC 2234378. PMID 18158319.
  3. 1 2 Orth G (1986). "Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a model for understanding the oncogenicity of human papillomaviruses". Ciba Foundation Symposium 120: 157–74. PMID 3013521.
  4. ↑ Antonsson A, Forslund O, Ekberg H, Sterner G, Hansson BG (December 2000). "The ubiquity and impressive genomic diversity of human skin papillomaviruses suggest a commensalic nature of these viruses". Journal of Virology 74 (24): 11636–41. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.24.11636-11641.2000. PMC 112445. PMID 11090162.
  5. 1 2 Gül U, Kiliç A, Gönül M, Cakmak SK, Bayis SS (October 2007). "Clinical aspects of epidermodysplasia verruciformis and review of the literature". International Journal of Dermatology 46 (10): 1069–72. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03014.x. PMID 17910717.
  6. ↑ Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia: Who Named It?
  7. ↑ Lazarczyk M, Favre M (December 2008). "Role of Zn2+ ions in host-virus interactions". Journal of Virology 82 (23): 11486–94. doi:10.1128/JVI.01314-08. PMC 2583646. PMID 18787005.
  8. ↑ Crequer, Amandine; Troeger, Anja; Patin, Etienne; Ma, Cindy; Picard, Capucine; Pedergnana, Vincent; Fieschi, Claire; Lim, Annick; Abhyankar, Avinash; Gineau, Laure; Mueller-Fleckenstein, Ingrid; Schmidt, Monika; Taieb, Alain; Krueger, James; Abel, Laurent; Tangye, Stuart; Orth, Gérard; Williams, David; Casanova, Jean-Laurent; Jouanguy, Emmanuelle (4 September 2012). Human RHOH deficiency causes T cell defects and susceptibility to EV-HPV infections. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 122 (American Society for Clinical Investigation). pp. 3239–3247. doi:10.1172/JCI62949.
  9. ↑ Lowy DR, Androphy EJ (2003). "Warts". In Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K; et al. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (6th ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill. pp. 2119–2131. ISBN 978-0-07-138076-8.
  10. ↑ Pereira de Oliveira WR, Carrasco S, Neto CF, Rady P, Tyring SK (March 2003). "Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis HPV". The Journal of Dermatology 30 (3): 203–9. PMID 12692356.
  11. ↑ Allen, Mark (12 March 2007). "Missionary encounters extremely bizarre skin condition in Eastern Europe". Beware of the Blog. WFMU. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  12. ↑ "The man who looks like a tree". Metro. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  13. ↑ "Half Man Half Tree". Discovery Channel. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  14. ↑ ""Tree Man" Medical Mystery". ABC News. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  15. 1 2 Reuters (28 August 2008). "Indonesia's 'tree man' comes home after treatment". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles Times). Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  16. ↑ Nathalia, Telly; Reuters (20 December 2008). "'Tree man's' warts growing again". The Australian. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  17. ↑ Sabtu (30 January 2016). "Dede Koswara Embuskan Nafas Terakhir, Ini Penyebab Kematian 'Manusia Akar' Bandung". Tribun Regional. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  18. ↑ Katie Louise. "The man who is turning into a tree". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  19. ↑ "Rare disease: DMCH to form medical board tomorrow". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  20. ↑ "বিরল এই বৃক্ষ মানব রোগ হয়েছে বাংলাদেশে একজনেরই - BBC বাংলা". BBC বাংলা (in Bengali). BBC. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  21. ↑ Bangladesh's 'Tree Man' to undergo surgery, The Guardian 2016-01-31
  22. ↑ Marinis, Meg (7 October 2010). "Superfreak". ABC.com. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  23. ↑ "MGMT reveal new video for 'Cool Song No 2'—watch". Music News and Reviews. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.

Further reading

External links

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