Toribio de Benavente Motolinia

Toribio of Benavente, O.F.M. (1482, Benavente, Spain – 1568, Mexico City, New Spain), also known as Motolinía, was a Franciscan missionary, one of the famous Twelve Apostles of Mexico who arrived in New Spain in May 1524.^[1] His published writings are a key source for the history and ethnography of the Nahuas of central Mexico in the immediate post-conquest period as well as the challenges of Christian evangelization.

Life and times

Toribio entered the Franciscan Order as a young boy, dropping his family name of Paredes in favor of his birth city, as was the custom among the Franciscans. In 1523 he was chosen to be among the first twelve missionaries to be sent to the New World.

After a strenuous journey he arrived in Mexico where Fray Toribio was greeted with great respect by Hernán Cortés. Upon walking through Tlaxcala the Indians commented on his ragged Franciscan robes, saying "Motolinia", which in the Nahuatl language means "one who is poor or afflicted." This was the first word he learned in the Nahuatl language and he took it as his name. For the Franciscan Order, poverty was an important and defining virtue. He was named Guardian of the Convent of San Francisco in Mexico City where he resided from 1524 to 1527.

From 1527 to 1529 Fray Toribio worked in Guatemala and perhaps Nicaragua, studying the new missions in that area. Back in Mexico he stayed at the convent of Huejotzinco near Tlaxcala, where he had to help the natives against the abuse and atrocities committed by Nuño de Guzmán. He suggested to the native leaders that they complain to Bishop Fray Juan de Zumárraga about Guzmán but the latter accused him of trying to instigate a revolt among the Indians against the Spanish sovereignty. In 1530 he went to the Convent of Tlaxcala and contributed in the foundation of the City of Puebla de los Ángeles, which was chosen for its agricultural and other economic potential and was to be a settlement of Spaniards who pursued agriculture themselves without aid of indigenous labor of the encomienda. With Franciscan colleagues he traveled to Tehuantepec in Guatemala and to the Yucatán to undertake further missionary work.

Even though Motolinía protected Indians against the abuse of Guzmán, he did not share the opinions of the Dominican bishop Bartolomé de las Casas, who saw the conquest and subjugation of the Indians as a crime and against all Christian morality. Motolinía believed that God would protect the Indians once converted and that the missionary work thus was more important than fighting the encomienda system and he remained a defender of the conquest, the encomienda system and the evangelization. In fact, in a famous letter to King Charles V of Spain, he undertook a virulent attack on Las Casas, intending to discredit him completely. He called him "a grievous man, restless, importunate, turbulent, injurious, and prejudicial" and even an apostate, in that he had renounced the Bishopric of Chiapas. He furthermore advised the king to have Las Casas shut up for safe keeping in a monastery. In 1545 the encomenderos of Chiapas asked for him to come there to defend them against Las Casas but he declined, in the same way he declined a position as bishop offered to him by the king. The letter to the king is an important document, clarifying the Franciscan position of baptizing as many Indians as possible if they presented themselves for it. Given that in the early years of post-conquest Mexico devastating plagues reduced the indigenous population considerably, the Franciscans feared for the souls of Indians who died without baptism. They took the position that they should baptize first to ensure salvation, but also importantly continue pastoral care so that Indians would grow more knowledgeable about their new Christian faith. The Dominican Order was famous for its adherence to firm doctrinal positions, which is Mexico meant that they refused baptism to Indians they deemed ill prepared in the tenets of Christianity.

In his letter to the king, Motolinia recounts an incident of Las Casas's refusal to baptize an Indian in Tlaxcala.

"I said to Las Casas: 'How is this, father all this zeal and love that you say you have for the Indians is exhausted in loading them down and going around writing about Spaniards, and vexing the Indians, since your grace loads down more Indians than thirty (Franciscan) friars? And since you won't baptize or instruct and Indian, it would be well if you would pay those that you so load down and tire out.'"^[2]

Las Casas condemned the entire Spanish colonial project, while the Franciscans viewed the conqueror Hernán Cortés as an agent of God's will, conquering the Mexican Indians militarily and thereby paving the way for the "spiritual conquest" of conversion to Christianity by the friars. Although Las Casas and Motolinia had sharply different positions adhering to those of their two mendicant orders, both were defenders of the Indians against Spanish exploitation.

An early chapter of Motolinia's history recounts what he considered the ten plagues afflicting New Spain, bringing the Biblical metaphor of the Ten Plagues into the unfolding events in early Mexico. He considered smallpox the first plague; the second number of those who died in the conquest; the third famine following the fall of Tenochtitlan; the fourth native and black labor bosses and tribute collectors; the fifth the Indians' tax and tribute obligations; the sixth Indians forced to labor in Spanish gold mines; the seventh the building of Mexico City; the eight enslavement of Indians to work in the mines; the ninth the labor in mines far from Indians' homes; and finally he considered the tenth plague the factionalism of Spaniards, particularly when Cortés left central Mexico for conquests in Honduras.^[3] With the exception of smallpox and factionalism among Spaniards, Motolinia considered Spaniards' deliberate oppression and exploitation of the Indians the worst afflictions.

Having founded many cloisters and convents in Mexico and was said to have baptized more than 400,000 Indians, Fray Toribio retired to the Convent of San Francisco in Mexico City, where he died in 1568. He is remembered in Mexico as one of the most important evangelists.

Ethnographies

Motolinia is well known for his two histories of the Aztecs and for recording incidents in the evangelization of the Indians. Motolinia recounted the martyrdom of three converted boys from Tlaxcala, Cristóbal, Antonio, and Juan who were killed by adults there who resisted conversion. In Motolinia's account the deaths of Juan and Antonio were premeditated.

[S]ome lords and important men had....arranged to kill these children [Juan and Antonio] because they were breaking their idols and depriving them of their gods...Antonio came out at once, and when he saw the cruelty with which these brutes were treating his servant (Juan), instead of fleeing he said to them with great spirit: 'Why are you killing my companion; for it is not his fault but mine? I am the one who is taking away your idols, because I know that they are devils and not gods. If you consider them gods, take them and leave that boy alone, for he has done you no harm.' Saying trhis he threw on the ground some idols which he was carrying in his skirt. By the time he finished speaking these words, the Indias had killed the child Juan, and then they fell upon the other, Antonio, so that they also killed him.^[4]

The children had been put in the care of lords of Tlaxcala by the leader of the Twelve Apostles of Mexico, Fray Martín de Valencia, who Motolinia thought would be especially saddened by the murders. The murder of Antonio was not just the murder of a child convert, but would have been heir to a principal lord of Tlaxcala.^[4] To the Franciscans the martyrdom of the Tlaxcalan boys showed the bravery and zeal of new converts to the faith but the excellence of the Franciscans' strategy of converting children for the long term growth of Christianity.

Unlike the works of fellow Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún, particularly the Florentine Codex, Motolinia's works are unsystematic in their organization, which he himself acknowledged. However, as one of the earliest friars evangelizing in the densest area of Nahua populations, his works are extremely important as a record of indigenous life and first encounters with the Spaniards.

An English translation of significant portions of Motolinia's works was done by Elizabeth Andros Foster in 1950 for the Cortés Society and reissued in 1973 by Greenwood Press. Her introduction to the translation has a careful discussion of Motolinia's life and works.^[5]

• Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España which was not published until 1858, by Joaquín García Icazbalceta.
• Memoriales, first published in 1903.
• Motolinia's History of the Indians of New Spain, translated and edited by Elizabeth Andros Foster, PhD. Greenwood Press 1973.

References

Sources

• Arjona, Doris K. (1952). "'The Twelve' Meet a Language Requirement". Hispania 35 (3): 259–266. doi:10.2307/335749. 
• Canedo, Lino G. (1973). "Toribio Motolinia and His Historical Writings". The Americas 29 (3): 277–307. doi:10.2307/980054. 
• Habig, Marion A. (1945). "The Franciscan Provinces of Spanish North America (Concluded)". The Americas 1 (3): 330–344. doi:10.2307/978158. 
• Thomas, Hugh (2011). The Golden Age: The Spanish Empire of Charles V. London: Penguin Books. 

External links

• Catholic Encyclopedia on Fray Toribio de Benavente Motolinia